Objective Current research on agroforestry systems often focuses on exploring single model application in understory, with limited cross-integration between different models, which lead low resource recycling efficiency. This study aims to explore the application of the forest-ornamental mode in agroforestry systems and provide a scientific basis for the efficient production, resource recycling, and development of agroforestry systems.

Method Lilium ‘Tresor’ bulbs was planted in the open field and under-forest of willow and Chinese ash in the National Underforest Economic Demonstration Base in Dashiwo Town, Fangshan County, Beijing. Subsequently, the effects of different forest stands and soil nutrient conditions (different combination treatments of decomposed and fermented fertilizer by agroforestry waste (DFF-AW) in the park) were analyzed on the growth status of lilies, the quality of fresh flowers, as well as the quality of lily bulbs. Six batches of Lilium ‘Tresor’ bulbs were planted under the Sophora japonica forest to investigate the effects of planting at different times on the sustainable flowering period, bulb quality, and accumulation level of active substances in lily petals. Meanwhile, dried lily petal meal (DLPE) was fed to Beijing-You chicks as feed additive to evaluate its improvement effect on chicken quality.

Results (1) When canopy density was 40%-50%, there was no significant difference in bud number, size, stem diameter, circumference and quality of harvested bulbs between lily planted under Fraxinus chinensis stands and those planted in open field; when canopy density was above 70%, lily plant height under willow forest was significantly higher than that of open field, and bud number decreased significantly. (2) DFF-AW could significantly alleviate plant nutrient deficiencies caused by insufficient soil nutrients in forest lands, and improve the quality of lily bulbs. In particular, the combination of “foliar fertilizer + chicken manure” showed obvious advantages and had the potential to replace commercially available substrate nursery soil.(3)Among different batches, lilies planted in late autumn (batch 2023-11-01), early summer (batch 2024-05-22) and midsummer (batch 2024-06-20) had the longest flower buds and the heaviest fresh flower weight. Planting lilies in batches under the forest could make the flowering period last from early June to late October. The synthesis and accumulation of total flavonoids, total alkaloids and total polysaccharides varied significantly with seasons and temperatures. Among which, flavonoids content of flower petals were highest in early summer (batch 2023-11-01) and early autumn (batch 2024-06-20). The content of alkaloids and polysaccharides of lily petals harvested in mid-August (batch 2024-06-20) were highest. Anthocyanins accumulate most in petals harvested in the hot summer (batch 2024-05-22). (4) Feeding 3-month-old Beijing-You chick three months by chicken feed with 4 % dried lily petal meal (DLPE) as dietary supplementation could promote the content of saponins and carotenoids in chicken breast meat by 24.4% and 43.4% respectively compared with the control group, and the content of flavonoids and alkaloids increased by 1 times and 4.7 times respectively, indicating that this method could effectively improve the nutritional value of chicken meat.

Conclusion By exploring various application models for the lily planting under forest, this study successfully promoted organic cross-integration between forest-ornamental mode with other modles of agroforestry systems, and realized the goals such as lily production under forest, landscape improvement as well as nutritional value exploring and high-value utilization of lily flower. These application modles provide more ideas and references for promoting the efficient cyclic development and comprehensive utilization of agroforestry systems.