Response of runoff and sediment production on sand-covered loess slopes to slope length and sand covering thickness

Wang Qingni; Cao Xiaojuan; Liu Ying; Zhang Fengbao

doi:10.12171/j.1000-1522.20240229

Journal of Beijing Forestry University > 2024 > 46(10): 81-89. > DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20240229

Wang Qingni, Cao Xiaojuan, Liu Ying, Zhang Fengbao. Response of runoff and sediment production on sand-covered loess slopes to slope length and sand covering thickness[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2024, 46(10): 81-89. DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20240229

Citation:

PDF (1267 KB)

Response of runoff and sediment production on sand-covered loess slopes to slope length and sand covering thickness

Wang Qingni^1,,
Cao Xiaojuan^{2, 3},
Liu Ying¹,
Zhang Fengbao^{1, 2, ,}

1.
State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
2.
Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
3.
China Water Resources Beifang Investigation, Design & Research CO.LTD, Tianjin 300222, China

More Information

Received Date: July 17, 2024
Revised Date: August 26, 2024
Available Online: October 08, 2024

Graphical Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Objective
Aeolian sand-covered loess slope is a special geomorphic landscape with a unique erosion pattern formed by multi-dynamic forces within the wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau. Objectives of this study are to investigate the response of runoff and sediment production processes to slope length and thickness of sand covering on the aeolian sand-covered loess slopes, which can provide essential explanation for preventing and predicting soil erosion in this region.
Method
The quantitative analysis was based on observations of runoff and sediment production in indoor simulated rainfall experiments with the slope length (between 1 and 3 m) and thickness of sand covering (2, 5 and 10 cm). The effects of slope length and thickness of sand covering were analysed against a control group without sand covering.
Result
(1) Compared with the loess slope without sand covering, the time to runoff generation on the sand-covered slope was significantly extended by 3 to 30.72 times, the average runoff rate was reduced by 21% to 84%, the average sediment yield rate was increased by 2.99 to 10.66 times, and the sediment concentration was increased by 3.38 to 18.07 times, all of which were intensified as the thickness of sand covering increased. (2) The 1 m slope with a 10 cm sand layer exhibited a significant effect on reducing the runoff rate, while the average runoff rate with a 3 m slope demonstrated minor variations among different thicknesses of sand covering. Whether covered by sands or not, the average sediment yield rate and sediment concentration from 3 m slope were significantly higher than those from the 1 m slope. (3) The increases in slope length and thickness of sand covering enhanced the variability of instantaneous runoff and sediment yields during rainfall events. The instantaneous runoff rate of 1 m slope without sand covering was found to be higher than that with sand covering during rainfall. Notably, both runoff and sediment yields from 3 m slopes with a thicker sand covering showed a distinct peak, and some instantaneous runoff coefficients exceeded 1 during the rainfall events. (4) The structural equation model revealed that the slope length had the greatest influence on runoff rate (path coefficient = 0.65), and the sand thickness had the greatest influence on sediment yield rate (path coefficient = 0.71). The slope length exhibited an indirect positive effect (path coefficient = 0.40) on sediment yield through runoff production.
Conclusion
The slope length increases both runoff and sediment yield rates, while the thickness of sand covering reduces the runoff rate and increases sediment yield rate. The synergy of slope length and thickness of sand covering enhances the variability of runoff and sediment production processes, which makes the runoff and sediment production more changeable during rainfall.
- runoff production,
- sediment production,
- slope length,
- sand covering thickness,
- sediment concentration

FullText(HTML)

References (30)

References

[1]	唐克丽, 周佩华. 黄土高原土壤侵蚀研究若干问题的讨论[C]// 张兴昌. 中国科学院西北水土保持研究所集刊. 杨凌: 水土保持研究, 1988: 1−4. Tang K L, Zhou P H. Discussion on problems of soil erosion in Loess Plateau[C]// Zhang X C. Memoir of NISWC, Academia Sinica. Yangling: Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 1988: 1−4.
[2]	张卓佩, 牛健植, 樊登星, 等. 黄河中游多沙粗沙区土壤水蚀时空变化及动态驱动力分析[J]. 水土保持学报, 2024, 38(2): 85−96. Zhang Z P, Niu J Z, Fan D X, et al. Analysis of spatial and temporal evolution and dynamic driving force of soil water erosion in the middle reaches of the Rellow River in the rich and coarse sediment area[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2024, 38(2): 85−96.
[3]	秦富仓, 杨振奇, 李龙. 砒砂岩区土壤侵蚀机理与生态修复技术研究进展[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2020, 42(12): 142−150. Qin F C, Yang Z Q, Li L. Research progress on soil erosion mechanism and ecological restoration technology in feldspathic sandstone region[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2020, 42(12): 142−150.
[4]	索安宁, 赵文喆, 王天明, 等. 近50年来黄土高原中部水土流失的时空演化特征[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2007, 29(1): 90−97. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-1522.2007.01.016 Suo A N, Zhao W Z, Wang T M, et al. Spatial-temporal succession characteristics of soil and water loss in the central Loess Plateau during the last 50 years[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(1): 90−97. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-1522.2007.01.016
[5]	徐建华, 吴成基, 林银平, 等. 黄河中游粗泥沙集中来源区界定研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2006, 20(1): 6−9, 14. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2006.01.002 Xu J H, Wu C J, Lin Y P, et al. Definition on source area of centralized coarse sediment in middle Yellow River[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 20(1): 6−9, 14. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2006.01.002
[6]	武秀荣, 张风宝, 王占礼. 片沙覆盖黄土坡面沙土二元结构剖面土壤物理性质变化研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2014, 28(6): 190−193, 210. Wu X R, Zhang F B, Wang Z L. Variation of sand and loess properties of binary structure profile in hilly region covered by sand of the Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2014, 28(6): 190−193, 210.
[7]	张丽萍, 唐克丽, 张平仓. 片沙覆盖的黄土丘陵区土壤水蚀过程研究[J]. 土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报, 1999, 5(1): 41−46. Zhang L P, Tang K L, Zhang P C. Soil water erosion processes in loess hilly-gully region covered with sheet sand[J]. Journal of Soil Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation, 1999, 5(1): 41−46.
[8]	张丽萍, 倪含斌, 吴希媛. 黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区不同下垫面土壤水蚀特征实验研究[J]. 水土保持研究, 2005, 12(5): 130−131, 196. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-3409.2005.05.029 Zhang L P, Ni H B, Wu X Y. Soil water erosion processes on sloping land with different material in the wind-water interaction zone in the Loess Plateau[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2005, 12(5): 130−131, 196. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-3409.2005.05.029
[9]	惠振江. 陕北毛乌素沙地与黄土区过渡地带荒漠化研究[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2001. Hui Z J. Desertification in the transition zone between Maowusu Sandy Land and loess hill region[D]. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2001.
[10]	Xu G C, Tang S S, Lu K X, et al. Runoff and sediment yield under simulated rainfall on sand-covered slopes in a region subject to wind-water erosion[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2015, 74(3): 2523−2530. doi: 10.1007/s12665-015-4266-1
[11]	Zhang F B, Bai Y J, Xie L Y, et al. Runoff and soil loss characteristics on loess slopes covered with aeolian sand layers of different thicknesses under simulated rainfall[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2017, 549: 244−251. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.04.002
[12]	Zhang F B, Yang M Y, Li B B, et al. Effects of slope gradient on hydro-erosional processes on an aeolian sand-covered loess slope under simulated rainfall[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2017, 553(Suppl. C): 447−456.
[13]	谢林妤, 白玉洁, 张风宝, 等. 沙层厚度和粒径组成对覆沙黄土坡面产流产沙的影响[J]. 土壤学报, 2017, 54(1): 60−72. doi: 10.11766/trxb201604190106 Xie L Y, Bai Y J, Zhang F B, et al. Effects of thickness and particle size composition of overlying sand layer on runoff and sediment yield on sand-covered loess slopes[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2017, 54(1): 60−72. doi: 10.11766/trxb201604190106
[14]	曹晓娟, 谢林妤, 张风宝, 等. 沙层特性对沙盖黄土坡面产流产沙变化贡献的定量分析[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(5): 962−974. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201905010 Cao X J, Xie L Y, Zhang F B, et al. Quantifying the contributions of sand layer characteristic to variations of runoff and sediment yields from sand-covered loess slopes during simulated rainfall[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(5): 962−974. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201905010
[15]	Ren Z P, Zhang X, Zhang X C, et al. Sand cover enhances rill formation under laboratory rainfall simulation[J/OL]. Catena, 2021, 205: 105472[2023−01−23]. 10.1016/j.catena.2021.105472
[16]	冯昭阳, 汤珊珊, 李鹏, 等. 不同覆沙方式下的坡面侵蚀产沙特性研究[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2023, 37(6): 183−191. Feng Z Y, Tang S S, Li P, et al. Characteristics of slope erosion and sediment yield under different sand cover modes[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2023, 37(6): 183−191.
[17]	张辉, 李鹏, 汤珊珊, 等. 多场次降雨条件下覆沙坡面的径流产沙特性试验研究[J]. 泥沙研究, 2016(6): 59−65. Zhang H, Li P, Tang S S, et al. Experimental study on runoff and sediment yield characteristics on sand-covered slope under the condition of repetitive rainfall[J]. Journal of Sediment Research, 2016(6): 59−65.
[18]	汤珊珊, 李占斌, 鲁克新, 等. 覆沙坡面水动力学参数与径流产沙的关系[J]. 农业工程学报, 2017, 33(20): 136−143. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.20.017 Tang S S, Li Z B, Lu K X, et al. Relationship between hydrodynamic parameters and runoff and sediment yield on sand-covered slope in rainfall simulation study[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017, 33(20): 136−143. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.20.017
[19]	汤珊珊, 高海东, 李占斌, 等. 坡面覆沙后侵蚀泥沙颗粒分选特性[J]. 农业工程学报, 2017, 33(2): 125−130. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.02.017 Tang S S, Gao H D, Li Z B, et al. Characteristics of particle separation of erosion sediment in slop surface covered with sand[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017, 33(2): 125−130. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.02.017
[20]	Qin W, Guo Q K, Cao W H, et al. A new RUSLE slope length factor and its application to soil erosion assessment in a Loess Plateau Watershed[J]. Soil Tillage Research, 2018, 182: 10−24. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2018.04.004
[21]	Shi F Y, Zhang F B, Shen N, et al. Quantifying interactions between slope gradient, slope length and rainfall intensity on sheet erosion on steep slopes using multiple linear regression[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2023, 908: 168090.
[22]	Lourenço S D N, Sassa K, Fukuoka H. Failure process and hydrologic response of a two layer physical model: Implications for rainfall-induced landslides[J]. Geomorphology (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 2006, 73(1): 115−130.
[23]	Shi Z H, Yue B J, Wang L, et al. Effects of mulch cover rate on interrill erosion processes and the size selectivity of eroded sediment on steep slopes[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2013, 77(1): 257−267. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2012.0273
[24]	Chaplot V A M, Le Bissonnaisy Y. Runoff features for interrill erosion at different rainfall intensities, slope lengths, and gradients in an agricultural loessial hillslope[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2003, 67(3): 844−851. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2003.8440
[25]	Hardie M A, Doyle R B, Cotching W E, et al. Hydropedology and preferential flow in the Tasmanian texture-contrast soils[J]. Vadose Zone J, 2013, 12(4): 1−14.
[26]	Fox G A, Wilson G V. The role of subsurface flow in hillslope and stream bank erosion: a review[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2010, 74(3): 717−733. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2009.0319
[27]	Eastham J, Gregory P J, Williamson D R. A spatial analysis of lateral and vertical fluxes of water associated with a perched watertable in a duplex soil[J]. Soil Research, 2000, 38(4): 879−890. doi: 10.1071/SR99003
[28]	李永山, 贾晓鹏, 马启民, 等. 孔兑沙漠小流域高含沙洪水水沙关系特征及其指示意义:以毛布拉孔兑苏达尔沟为例[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2019, 33(3): 92−97. Li Y S, Jia X P, Ma Q M, et al. Characteristics of sediment-discharge relationship of hyper-concentrated flood and its implication in the Sudaer River of Maobula Kongdui[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2019, 33(3): 92−97.
[29]	许炯心. “十大孔兑”侵蚀产沙与风水两相作用及高含沙水流的关系[J]. 泥沙研究, 2013(6): 28−37. Xu J X. Erosion and sediment yield of 10 small tributaries joining Inner Mengolia reach of upper Yellow River in relation with coupled wind-water processes and hyperconcentrated flows[J]. Journal of Sediment Research, 2013(6): 28−37.
[30]	苗书玲, 曹艳萍, 李晴晴. 1951—2019年黄河流域极端气候事件时空变化规律分析[J]. 河南大学学报 (自然科学版), 2022, 52(4): 416−429. Miao S L, Cao Y P, Li Q Q. Spatiotemporal distribution of extreme climate events in the Yellow River Basin during 1951–2019[J]. Journal of Henan University (Natural Science), 2022, 52(4): 416−429.

[1]	Li Yang, Zhang Jianjun, Yu Yang, Hu Yawei, Zhao Yuhui, Ma Xinyi. Experimental study on the variation characteristics of runoff sediment concentration with slope length in the loess region of western Shanxi Province of northern China[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2023, 45(8): 148-155. DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20220454
[2]	Wang Hengxing, Zhang Jianjun, Sun Ruoxiu, Zhang Jianan. Effects of different vegetation slope patterns on infiltration and characteristics of runoff and sediment production in the loess area of western Shanxi Province, northern China[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2021, 43(3): 85-95. DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20190231
[3]	Wen Wenjie, Zhang Jianjun, Li Yixuan, Huang Xiaoqing, He Pei. A simple method for estimating runoff sediment concentration[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2019, 41(11): 155-162. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.20180246
[4]	Zhang Shuai, Ding Guo-dong, Gao Guang-lei, Zhao Yuan-yuan, Yu Ming-han, Bao Yan-feng, Wang Chun-yuan. Study on new highway guardrail for anti-sediment in sand area[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2018, 40(2): 90-97. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.20170353
[5]	AI Ning, WEI Tian-xing, ZHU Qing-ke, GEGENBATU, QIN Wei, ZHAO Xing-kai, ZHAO Wei-jun, MA Huan, YANG Yuan-jun. Factors affecting slope runoff and sediment yield in northern Shaanxi Province based on path analysis[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2015, 37(6): 77-84. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.20140428
[6]	ZHU Yao-jun, GUO Ju-lan, WU Gao-jie, LIN Guang-xuan, WU Xiao-dong. Spatial distribution of physicochemical properties and metal concentration in mangrove sediments from Gaoqiao in Zhanjiang, Guangdong of Southern China.[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2014, 36(2): 1-9.
[7]	WANG Jian-xun, , ZHENG Fen-li, JIANG Zhong-shan, ZHANG Xun-chang. Hillslope soil erosion prediction based on WEPP model under different slope lengths in hillygully region of the loess area[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2008, 30(2): 151-156.
[8]	ZHANG Xiao-ming, YU Xin-xiao, WU Si-hong, WANG Yun-qi, ZHANG Man-liang. Effects of landuse-landcover change on sediment production of runoff in typical watershed in the loess gully-hilly region of China[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(6): 115-122. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.2007.06.033
[9]	WU Shu-fang, WU Pu-te, FENG Hao, LI Min. Effects of forage grass on the reduction of runoff and sediment and the hydrodynamic characteristic mechanism of slope runoff in the standard slope plot[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(3): 99-104. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.2007.03.016
[10]	ZHANG Jian-jun, NA Lei, FANG Jia-qiang. Manning roughness of sloping ground in the loess area of west Shanxi Province[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(1): 108-113. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.2007.01.019

Cited By

Cited by

Periodical cited type(15)

1.	冯旭环，周璐，熊伟，宗桦. 大渡河干热河谷区本土优势灌草植物根系的抗拉力学特性及其影响因素研究. 干旱区资源与环境. 2023(07): 159-169 .
2.	李宏斌，张旭，姚晨，杜峰. 陕北黄土区不同植物根系抗拉力学特性研究. 水土保持研究. 2023(04): 122-129 .
3.	李金波，伍红燕，赵斌，陈济丁，宋桂龙. 模拟边坡条件下常见护坡植物苗期根系构型特征. 生态学报. 2023(24): 10131-10141 .
4.	赵佳愉，伍红燕，史蔚林，宋桂龙. 聚丙烯酰胺添加浓度对种基盘特性的影响. 草原与草坪. 2021(05): 16-21 .
5.	黄炎和，李思诗，岳辉，彭绍云，谢炎敏，林根根，周曼，吴俣，蔡学智. 崩岗区四种草本植物根系抗拉特性及其与化学成分的关系. 亚热带水土保持. 2021(04): 9-15 .
6.	李义强，伍红燕，宋桂龙，赵斌，李一为，夏宇，孙盛年，梁燕宁. 岩石边坡坡度对胡枝子和紫穗槐根系形态特征影响. 草原与草坪. 2020(02): 23-29 .
7.	曹磊，马海天才. 不同草本植物根系力动力学及抗压力特征研究. 干旱区资源与环境. 2019(01): 164-170 .
8.	李淑霞，刘亚斌，余冬梅，胡夏嵩，祁兆鑫. 寒旱环境盐胁迫条件下两种草本植物的根系力学特性研究. 盐湖研究. 2019(01): 116-131 .
9.	李瑞燊，刘静，王博，张欣，胡晶华，苏慧敏，白潞翼，王多民. 反复施加拉剪组合力对小叶锦鸡儿直根材料力学特性的影响. 水土保持学报. 2019(05): 121-125 .
10.	马海天才. 不同草本植物根系的抗压动力学特征. 北方园艺. 2018(19): 71-77 .
11.	王博，刘静，王晨嘉，张欣，刘嘉伟，李强，张强. 半干旱矿区3种灌木侧根分支处折力损伤后的自修复特性. 应用生态学报. 2018(11): 3541-3549 .
12.	韦杰，李进林，史炳林. 紫色土耕地埂坎2种典型根——土复合体抗剪强度特征. 应用基础与工程科学学报. 2018(03): 483-492 .
13.	刘昌义，胡夏嵩，赵玉娇，窦增宁. 寒旱环境草本与灌木植物单根拉伸试验强度特征研究. 工程地质学报. 2017(01): 1-10 .
14.	谷利茶，王国梁. 氮添加对油松幼苗不同径级细根碳水化合物含量的影响. 生态学杂志. 2017(08): 2184-2190 .
15.	杨闻达，王桂尧，常婧美，张永杰. 主直根系拉拔力的室内试验研究. 中国水土保持科学. 2017(04): 111-116 .

Other cited types(25)

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Article views (175) PDF downloads (24) Cited by(40)

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Abstract

References

Response of runoff and sediment production on sand-covered loess slopes to slope length and sand covering thickness