Spinal biomechanics of carrying a water bag in forest fire suppression tasks

In order to evaluate the force of carrying a water bag in the tasks of forest fire suppression on the spines of operators and to optimize the parameters of water bag carriage, we established a biomechanical model of a water bag and spine. We analyzed the effects of weight, the position of the center of gravity and the posture when carrying a water bag on the force at the lumbar L5/S joint (the inter-vertebral discs between the five lumbar and sacral vertebrae). Finally, we propose measures for relieving this force on spines. The results indicate that weight, the position of the center of gravity and the posture when carrying a water bag each have a great effect on the force at L5/S. A suitable weight of a water bag should be less than 29 kg to ensure the safety of spines. When carrying a water bag, the force at L5/S with back flexion, while θ(the angle between the axes of the upper body and a horizontal plane) is less than 71°, is greater than the force with an upright posture and a slight back flexion while θ is more than 71°. A carrying posture of over flexion of the back should be avoided. 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