Determination and analysis of the relationship between microclimate elements and greening structures in the city streets of Shanghai: taking Xuhui District and Yangpu District as examples
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摘要:
目的 阐述小气候要素与街道绿化布局的对应关系，指导城市街道绿化空间的适应性设计。 方法 基于街道绿化布局因素分类进行小气候要素的相关分析。对太阳辐射、空气温度和风速等小气候要素进行测析，探索小气候要素与街道绿化垂直结构的关系。 结果 （1）街道绿荫覆盖率与小气候要素的作用关系：绿荫覆盖率越高，对太阳辐射的削减效率越好，当覆盖率达到90%以上时，效果最为显著；绿荫覆盖率越高，降温效应的规律特征越显著，但过高的绿荫覆盖使得街道空间闭塞，导致其降温效应反而有所降低；绿荫覆盖率高于90%的街道，其绿化对风速削减效率比覆盖率为50% ~ 70%时高出21%以上。（2）街道绿化复层结构与小气候要素的作用关系：复层垂直结构中，结构越复杂，绿化量越大，所能发挥的太阳辐射削减效率越高，其总体对太阳辐射的平均削减效率为88.78%；复层垂直结构的日平均降温效率为8.69%；乔−灌−草在一天的自然周期内，对风速的削弱效率相对最好，乔−灌其次，乔−草再次，灌−草最弱；复层结构的日平均风速削减效率在77.61%左右。（3）垂直绿量比与小气候要素的作用关系：乔灌木所占总绿量的比值与太阳辐射削减效率呈现正相关性；乔灌木所占比例越高，平均降温效率也越高；在一天的自然周期内，当乔灌与草比例越接近1∶1时，对风速的削弱效率越好。 结论 基于街道绿化布局与小气候要素的关系，提出了调控街道绿化构成对提升小气候舒适度的技术对策：（1）为营造舒适的街道夏季小气候，宜保持70% ~ 90%的绿荫覆盖率；（2）通过适度的绿化复层结构增加遮荫和通风，但要避免过于复杂以致影响正常通风；（3）科学配比垂直绿量，综合考虑夏季绿荫覆盖率和冬季增温要求，通过种植落叶乔木并保持乔灌木占街道绿化的50%以上。 Abstract:Objective This paper aims to explain the corresponding relationship between the microclimate elements and street greening layout, guide adaptability design of urban street green space. Method Based on field survey, the correlation between microclimate factors and street greening layout was elaborated, and the influence of several factors as solar radiation, air temperature and wind speed on vertical structure of street greening was explored in this study. Result (1) The relationship between street shade coverage and microclimatic factors: the higher the shade coverage was, the better the reduction efficiency of solar radiation was. The effect was most pronounced when coverage reached more than 90 percent, and the rule characteristics of its cooling effect were more obvious. However, the excessive shade coverage made the street space closed, resulting in a reduced cooling effect. The efficiency of wind speed reduction was more than 21% higher than that of 50%−70% for the street greening with a green coverage rate of more than 90%. (2) Relationship between street greening cladding structure and microclimatic elements: in the multi-layer vertical structure, the more complex the structure is, the greater the greening amount will be, and the higher the solar radiation reduction efficiency will be. Its overall average reduction efficiency of solar radiation was 88.78%. The average daily cooling efficiency of the layered vertical structure was 8.69%. In the natural cycle of one day, the weakening efficiency of the wind speed was the best, followed by that of the tree-shrub-grass, the tree-shrub next, tree-grass third, shrub-grass was the last. The average daily wind speed reduction efficiency of the laminated structure was about 77.61%. (3) Relationship between vertical green ratio and microclimatic elements: the ratio of total green content of trees and shrubs was positively correlated with the solar radiation reduction efficiency. The higher the proportion of trees and shrubs were, the higher the average cooling efficiency was. During the natural cycle of a day, the more the ratio of trees and shrubs to grass close to 1∶1, the better the weakening effect on wind speed was. Conclusion Based on the relationship between the layout of street greening and microclimate elements, the technical countermeasures for improving the comfort of microclimate by regulating the composition of street greening were proposed: (1) to build comfortable street summer microclimate, green shade coverage rate was appropriately maintained 70%−90% . (2) Shade and ventilation should be increased through a moderate greening cladding structure, but it should be avoided to be too complicated to affect the normal ventilation. (3) According to the scientific proportion of vertical green quantity, taking into account the requirements of green shade coverage in summer and temperature increase in winter, we should plant deciduous trees and keep trees and shrubs accounting for more than 50% of the street greening. -
Key words:
- microclimate /
- urban street /
- greening layout /
- Shanghai
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图 2 实验I中3组样地太阳辐射削减率日变化图
Figure 2. Diurnal variations in reducing rate of solar radiation in the 3 sample plots of test I
图 3 实验I中3组样地降温率日变化图
Figure 3. Diurnal variations of cooling rate in the 3 sample plots of test I
图 4 实验I中3组样地日平均风速变化率对比图
Figure 4. Comparisons of mean wind speed changing rate in 3 sample plots of test I
图 5 实验II中4组样地太阳辐射削减率日变化图
Figure 5. Diurnal variations in reducing rate of solar radiation in the 4 sample plots of test II
图 6 实验II中4组样地降温率日变化图
Figure 6. Diurnal variations of cooling rate in the 4 sample plots of test II
图 7 实验II中4组样地风速日变化图
Figure 7. Diurnal variations of wind speed in the 4 sample plots of test II
图 8 实验III中4组样地太阳辐射削减率日变化图
Figure 8. Diurnal variations in reducing rate of solar radiation in the 4 sample plots of test III
图 9 实验III中4组样地降温率日变化图
Figure 9. Diurnal variations of cooling rate in the 4 sample plots of test III
图 10 实验III中4组样地风速日变化图
Figure 10. Diurnal variations of wind speed in the 4 sample plots of test III
表 1 实验 I道路基础信息
Table 1. Basic information of road in test I
样地编号
Sample plot No.街道名称
Street name街道起讫
Street start and end街道结构
Street structure街道走向
Street orientation绿荫覆盖率
Green coverage rate/%绿化树种
Greening tree speciesA1 复兴中路
Middle Fuxing
Road陕西南路−嘉善路
South Shaanxi Road-Jiashan Road2车道 + 2非机动车道
2 drive ways + 2 non-motor vehicle lanes东西(东北−西南)
East-west
(northeast-southwest)50 ~ 70 悬铃木
Platanus orientalisB1 复兴中路
Middle Fuxing
Road汾阳路−宝庆路
Fenyang Road-Baoqing Road2车道 + 2非机动车道
2 drive ways + 2 non-motor vehicle lanes东西(东北−西南)
East-west
(northeast-southwest)70 ~ 90 悬铃木
P. orientalisC1 复兴中路
Middle Fuxing
Road襄阳南路−汾阳路
South Xiangyang Road-Fenyang Road2车道 + 2非机动车道
2 drive ways + 2 non-motor vehicle lanes东西(东北−西南)
East-west
(northeast-southwest)> 90 悬铃木
P. orientalis
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表 2 实验II和实验III道路基本信息
Table 2. Basic information of road in test II and test III
实验编号
Test No.影响因素
Influencing factor对照组
Control group样地编号
Sample plot No.A2 B2 C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 实验II
Test II绿化垂直结构
Vertical structure of greening无植物
Unplanted单乔
Single tree单灌
Single shrub单草
Single grass乔−灌
Tree-shrub乔−草
Tree-grass灌−草
Shrub-grass乔−灌−草
Tree-shrub-grass实验编号
Test No.影响因素
Influencing factor对照组
Control group样地编号
Sample plot No.A3 B3 C3 D3 实验III
Test III绿化垂直绿量
Vertical green quantity of greening无植物
Unplanted绿量1
Green quantity 1
(QG-1)绿量2
Green quantity 2
(QG-2)绿量3
Green quantity 3
(QG-3)绿量4
Green quantity 4
(QG-4)
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表 3 实验 I行道树信息
Table 3. Street tree information of test I
样地编号
Sample plot No.行道树树种
Street tree speciesCR/% ADBH/cm ATH/m ACD/m AUBH/m ARS/m LAI CD/% A1 悬铃木 Platanus orientalis 50 ~ 70 36.8 11.6 5.9 2.1 8.7 0.90 49.13 B1 悬铃木 P. orientalis 70 ~ 90 36.1 12.4 5.6 2.5 7.9 1.36 68.35 C1 悬铃木 P. orientalis > 90 34.9 13.2 6.0 2.3 8.5 2.66 88.57 注：CR为绿荫覆盖率，ADBH为平均胸径，ATH为平均树高，ACD为平均冠幅，AUBH为平均枝下高，ARS为平均株距，LAI为叶面积指数，CD为郁闭度。下同。Notes: CR, green coverage rate; ADBH, average DBH; ATH, average tree height; ACD, average canopy diameter; AUBH, average under branch height; ARS, average row-spacing; LAI, leaf area index; CD, crown density. The same below.
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表 4 实验 II行道树信息
Table 4. Street tree information of test II
测量因子 Measuring factor CR/% ADBH/cm ATH/m ACD/m AUBH/m ARS/m LAI CD/% 值 Value 70 ~ 90 26.1 10.8 8.9 2.8 6.3 1.28 69.76
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表 5 实验 III行道树信息
Table 5. Street tree information of test III
样地编号
Sample
plot No.乔木
Tree灌木
Shrub草本地被
Grass ground cover乔木绿量
Tree
QG/m2灌木绿量
Shrub
QG/m2草被绿量
Grass
QG/m2乔、灌、草绿量比
Ratio of tree-
shrub-grass乔灌与草绿量比
Ratio of tree
and shrub-grassA3 棕榈
Trachycarpus fortune云南黄馨
Jasminum mesnyi麦冬
Ophiopogon japonicus165.3 17.2 739.5 1∶0.1∶4.47 1∶4 B3 棕榈
T. fortune
七叶树
Aesculus chinensis小叶黄杨
Buxus sinica var. parvifolia麦冬
O. japonicus301.8 34.9 598.4 1∶0.1∶1.98 1∶2 C3 水杉
Metasequoia glyptostroboides
棕榈
T. fortune鸡爪槭
Acer palmatum
小叶黄杨
Trachycarpus fortune麦冬
O. japonicus
结缕草
Zoysia japonica345.1 132.2 469.3 1∶0.38∶1.35 1∶1 D3 香樟
Cinnamomum camphora
棕榈
T. fortune金边黄杨
Euonymus japonicus
‘Aureo-marginatus’麦冬
O. japonicus
结缕草
Z. japonica854.6 97.1 513.4 1∶0.11∶0.6 2∶1 注：样地范围为15 m × 15 m。Note: the sample plot scale is 15 m × 15 m.
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