Effects of different vegetation slope patterns on infiltration and characteristics of runoff and sediment production in the loess area of western Shanxi Province, northern China
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摘要:
目的 研究不同植被格局对坡面产流产沙特征的影响，为黄土高原水资源匮乏地区坡面水土保持植被格局的优化配置提供依据。 方法 采用野外模拟降雨试验，测定5种植被格局（2种块状镶嵌格局、横条带状格局、顺坡带状格局和裸地格局）的产流产沙特征及土壤入渗特征，探讨坡面不同植被格局和破碎度对产流、产沙、入渗的影响。 结果 （1）植被具有良好的蓄水减沙效益，植被的减沙效益为47.44% ~ 91.67%，蓄水效益为25.67% ~ 62.94%，植被的减沙能力强于蓄水能力。（2）植被格局对坡面的产流产沙量均有显著性影响（P < 0.05），试验所设置的几种格局的蓄水减沙效益依次为：块状镶嵌格局 > 横条带状格局 > 顺坡带状格局。块状镶嵌格局水土保持效果最佳。（3）不同植被格局的产流过程均呈现“快速上升—相对稳定”的趋势，植被格局有助于延迟坡面径流峰值的出现时间。（4）植被斑块的破碎化指数与侵蚀产沙呈反比，植被斑块破碎化程度越高，侵蚀产沙量越低，蓄水减沙效益越好。（5）不同植被格局的入渗系数为：块状镶嵌格局 > 横条带状格局 > 顺坡带状格局 > 裸地，Horton模型对不同植被格局土壤入渗的拟合效果较好。 结论 通过以上研究发现，块状镶嵌格局的蓄水减沙效益明显优于裸地和顺坡带状格局，因此在水资源有限的黄土区，可以采取植被与裸地交替分布的方式种植植被，以达到蓄水、减沙效益最大化。 Abstract:Objective In order to provide the basis for the optimal allocation of vegetation patterns for soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau and other water resource deficient areas, the effects of different vegetation patterns and fragmentation on runoff and sediment yield were studied. Method To explore the impacts of different vegetation patterns on runoff, sediment, and infiltration in this research, we measured the characteristics of runoff, sediment, and soil infiltration of five vegetation patterns (block-shaped mosaic pattern plots SP1, SP2, horizontal strip pattern plot BP, slope band pattern plot LP, and bare land pattern plot CK, respectively) by field simulated rainfall tests. Result (1) In general, vegetation had relatively good capacity in sediment reduction and water storage. The sediment reduction efficiency reached 47.44%−91.67%, and the water storage efficiency reached 25.67%−62.94%. Therefore, the sediment reduction capacity of vegetation was stronger than the water storage capacity. (2) The vegetation patterns had statistically significant effects on the runoff and sediment yield on the slope (P < 0.05). The order of the highest to lowest storage and sediment reduction effects of vegetation patterns were block-shaped mosaic pattern, horizontal strip pattern, followed by the slope band pattern. Thus, the block-shaped mosaic pattern had the best soil and water conservation effect. (3) The process for the runoff occurrence of different vegetation patterns showed a trend of “a rapid-rise phase followed by a relative stable phase”. The vegetation patterns helped to delay the occurrence of the runoff peaks. (4) The fragmentation index of vegetation patches was inversely proportional to the erosion and sediment production. The higher the degree of fragmentation of vegetation patches was, the lower the sediment yield and the better the efficiency of water storage and sediment reduction were. (5) The infiltration coefficient of different vegetation patterns was in the following order: the block-shaped mosaic pattern > horizontal strip pattern > slope band pattern > bare land pattern. Further, the Horton model exhibited a good fitting behavior on soil infiltration of different vegetation patterns. Conclusion Through the above research, it is found that vegetation and bare land mosaic pattern are significantly better than that of bare land and long strip slope pattern in water storage and sediment reduction. Therefore, in the loess area with limited water resources, vegetation can be planted in the way of alternate distribution of vegetation and bare land to maximize the benefits of water storage and sediment reduction. -
图 3 不同植被格局产流强度随产流历时变化过程
Figure 3. Variation of runoff yield intensity with duration of runoff under different vegetation patterns
图 4 不同植被格局下累计产沙量随降雨历时变化过程
Figure 4. Variation of accumulated sediment yield with duration of runoff under different vegetation patterns
图 5 不同植被格局下土壤入渗速率随降雨历时变化过程
Figure 5. Variation of soil infiltration rate with duration of runoff under different vegetation patterns
表 1 径流小区状况
Table 1. Status of runoff plot
小区格局
Plot pattern坡度
Slope/(°)面积(长 × 宽)
Area (length×width)/m2前期含水量 Pre-water content/% 土壤密度
Soil density/
(g·cm−3)第1次试验 The first test 第2次试验 The second test 第3次试验 The third test SP1 15 5 × 1 19.47 20.61 22.62 1.24 SP2 15 5 × 1 20.19 20.85 23.88 1.26 BP 10 5 × 1 20.08 21.87 23.91 1.19 LP 15 5 × 1 19.56 21.29 20.38 1.21 CK 15 5 × 1 19.81 20.52 18.22 1.23 
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表 2 不同植被格局下产流量及产沙量特征
Table 2. Characteristics of runoff and sediment yield under different vegetation patterns
格局 Pattern 产流量 Runoff yield/mm 产沙量 Sediment yield/(g·m−2) 蓄水效益 Water storage effect/% 减沙效益 Sand reduction effect/% SP1 18.95 ± 1.48a 51.55 ± 12.89a 62.94 91.67 SP2 24.19 ± 1.62ab 60.33 ± 0.19a 52.69 90.25 BP 27.79 ± 1.44b 92.86 ± 25.96a 45.65 84.99 LP 38.01 ± 2.52c 325.13 ± 43.94b 25.67 47.44 CK 51.13 ± 3.76d 618.61 ± 149.18c 注：同一列不同字母表示特征值差异性显著(P < 0.05)。Note: different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences (P < 0.05).
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表 3 不同植被格局产流强度变化特征
Table 3. Variation characteristics of runoff yield intensity in different vegetation patterns
格局
Pattern产流强度 Runoff yield intensity 波动范围
Fluctuation range/(mm·min−1)平均值
Mean value/(mm·min−1)CV/% 20 min 前 First 20 min 20 min 后 After 20 min 整个过程 Whole process SP1 0.02 ~ 0.49 0.23 92.30 20.13 79.32 SP2 0.06 ~ 0.53 0.29 53.59 16.97 56.82 BP 0.04 ~ 0.54 0.32 67.78 7.54 55.28 LP 0.04 ~ 0.89 0.43 80.84 18.29 75.53 CK 0.11 ~ 1.04 0.63 59.69 6.80 55.13
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表 4 不同植被格局入渗特征
Table 4. Infiltration characteristics under different vegetation patterns
格局
Pattern初始入渗速率
Initial infiltration rate/(mm·min−1)稳定入渗速率
Stable infiltration rate/(mm·min−1)入渗系数
Infiltration coefficient/%SP1 1.41 1.02 78.94 SP2 1.42 0.96 73.12 BP 1.39 0.88 69.12 LP 1.41 0.61 57.77 CK 1.34 0.46 43.19
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表 5 不同植被格局入渗方程模拟结果
Table 5. Simulation results of infiltration equations of different vegetation patterns
植被格局 Vegetation pattern Philip模型 Philip model R2 Kostiakov模型 Kostiakov model R2 Horton模型 Horton model R2 SP1 y = 1.03 + 0.75t(−0.5) 0.75 y = 1.63t(−0.10) 0.89 y = 0.95 + 0.54e(−0.03t) 0.98 SP2 y = 0. 90 + 0.85t(−0.5) 0.85 y = 1.59t(−0.12) 0.95 y = 0.90 + 0.53e(−0.05t) 0.99 BP y = 0.832 + 0.95t(−0.5) 0.89 y = 1.60t(−0.14) 0.93 y = 0.95 + 0.61e(−0.103t) 0.97 LP y = 0.53 + 1.59t(−0.5) 0.79 y = 1.89t(−0.25) 0.88 y = 0.51 + 1.04e(−0.04t) 0.99 CK y = 0.27 + 1.80t(−0.5) 0.87 y = 1.88t(−0.33) 0.91 y = 0.41 + 1.10e (−0.07t) 0.99
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表 6 不同植被格局的破碎化指数
Table 6. Fragmentation index of different vegetation patterns
格局
Pattern单个植被斑块面积
Single vegetation
patch area/m2斑块密度指数/(个·m−2)
Patch density index (PD)/
(number·m−2)单位周长斑块数/(个·m−1)
Number of patches per unit
perimeter (NPUP)/(number·m−1)破碎化指数
Fragmentation
index (FN)SP1 0.25 4.00 0.50 0.45 SP2 0.50 2.00 0.33 0.40 BP 0.50 2.00 0.33 0.40 LP 1.25 0.80 0.10 0.20
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