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Pb、Cd复合胁迫对桑树种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

乔永, 周金星, 王小平

乔永, 周金星, 王小平. Pb、Cd复合胁迫对桑树种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2020, 42(4): 32-40. DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20190244
引用本文: 乔永, 周金星, 王小平. Pb、Cd复合胁迫对桑树种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2020, 42(4): 32-40. DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20190244
Qiao Yong, Zhou Jinxing, Wang Xiaoping. Effects of lead and cadmium combined stress on seed germination and seedling growth of mulberry[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2020, 42(4): 32-40. DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20190244
Citation: Qiao Yong, Zhou Jinxing, Wang Xiaoping. Effects of lead and cadmium combined stress on seed germination and seedling growth of mulberry[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2020, 42(4): 32-40. DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20190244

Pb、Cd复合胁迫对桑树种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

基金项目: 北京市科技计划项目(Z151100002115006)
详细信息
    作者简介:

    乔永,博士,副研究员。主要研究方向:森林土壤、土壤生态、土壤修复。Email:qiaoyong85@bjfu.edu.cn 地址:100083 北京市海淀区清华东路35号

    责任作者:

    王小平,教授级高级工程师。主要研究方向:森林培育、森林生态研究。Email:wangxp@bfdic.com 地址:100013 北京市东城区安外小黄庄北街1号

Effects of lead and cadmium combined stress on seed germination and seedling growth of mulberry

  • 摘要:
    目的研究不同含量Pb、Cd单一及复合胁迫对桑树种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响,以及桑树对重金属Pb、Cd的富集和迁移,探索桑树对修复Pb、Cd污染土壤的潜能。
    方法以桑树种子和幼苗为实验材料,通过发芽实验和盆栽实验研究不同含量Pb(0、250、500、750、1 000、1 250 mg/kg)和Cd(0、0.2、1、25、75、100 mg/kg)单一及复合胁迫对桑树种子发芽率、幼苗株高、生物量等影响,以及Pb、Cd在桑树根、茎、叶中的富集和迁移。
    结果(1)不同含量Pb、Cd单一及复合胁迫均对桑树种子萌发产生抑制作用;(2)低含量Pb、Cd(250、0.2 mg/kg)对桑树幼苗株高、生物量产生促进作用,当含量升高时转为抑制作用。(3)Pb、Cd主要积累于桑树根系中,低含量的Pb(250 mg/kg)会促进桑树对Cd的富集和迁移;桑树对Cd的富集及迁移系数高于Pb,但富集系数和迁移系数最高值均 < 1。Pb、Cd复合胁迫下,桑树对Pb、Cd富集和迁移系数小于单一胁迫;当Pb、Cd含量升高时,Pb、Cd富集系数和迁移系数均呈现下降趋势。
    结论不同含量Pb、Cd均会不用程度的抑制桑树种子萌发,抑制作用随Pb、Cd含量升高而增强。桑树不属于超富集植物,但对低含量Pb、Cd富集及转移系数较高,并且低含量Pb、Cd会促进桑树生长,可在低含量Pb、Cd污染土壤中开展种桑养蚕模式进行土壤重金属污染修复。
    Abstract:
    ObjectiveThis paper aims to study the effects of single and combined stress of lead and cadmium at different concentrations on seed germination and seedling growth of mulberry, as well as the bio-enrichment and transfer of Pb and Cd in mulberry to explore the repair capacity of mulberry on contaminated soil.
    MethodThe germination and pot-based experiment was designed with different concentrations Pb (0, 250, 500, 750, 1 000, 1 250 mg/kg) and Cd (0, 0.2, 1, 25, 75, 100 mg/kg) to study the germination rate of seed, plant height and biomass of mulberry, as well as the enrichment and transfer coefficients of Pb and Cd in mulberry roots, stems and leaves.
    Result(1) The germination of mulberry seeds was inhibited by single and combined stress at different concentrations of Pb and Cd. (2) Low concentrations of Pb and Cd (250, 0.2 mg/kg) promoted the high biomass of mulberry seedlings, which turned into inhibition when the concentration increased. (3) Pb and Cd were mainly accumulated in mulberry roots, and low concentration of Pb (250 mg/kg) would promote Cd enrichment and transfer in mulberry. The enrichment coefficient and transfer coefficient of Cd were higher than Pb, but the maximum values of both were less than 1. The bio-enrichment coefficient and transfer coefficient of combined stress were lower than those of single stress. The enrichment coefficient and transfer coefficient of Pb and Cd will be reduced when the concentration of Pb and Cd increased.
    ConclusionThe germination of mulberry seeds is inhibited by different concentrations of Pb and Cd, and the inhibitory effect increases with the increase of Pb and Cd concentration. Although mulberry is not a hyper-accumulator, the enrichment coefficient and transfer coefficient of low-concentration Pb and Cd are relatively high, and low-concentration Pb and Cd would promote the growth of mulberry, which can be used to plant mulberry and raise silkworm in soil contaminated with low-concentration Pb and Cd for soil heavy metal pollution remediation.
  • 近年来,随着工业技术的飞速发展和化工用品在农业中的不断应用,各种重金属随人类活动不断的进入到土壤中,而这些重金属不仅会对生态环境和植物造成破坏,还能通过食物链给人类造成健康危害[1-2]。土壤重金属污染已经成为亟待解决的问题[3-5]。2014年,原国土资源部和环保部联合发布了《全国土壤污染调查公报》,全国土壤重金属Pb、Cd的超标率为1.5%和7.0%[6]。土壤中的Pb主要来源于农药化肥、污水灌溉[7]、汽车尾气[8]和采矿冶炼[9]等,有研究表明土壤中的Pb会造成植物生长受损和土壤肥力退化[10],进入人体后会造成大脑、肾脏、脾脏等部位的损伤[11]。Cd主要来源于电子化工产业[12],土壤中的Cd毒性强、难降解,容易被植物吸收,影响植物生长[13];同时Cd不是人体必须微量元素,并具有较强的致癌性,进入人体后会造成骨骼、肝脏及免疫系统损伤,如“骨痛病”等[14]。Pb、Cd来源广泛、毒性强,所造成的土壤污染应引起重视。

    目前针对土壤重金属污染修复方法主要有钝化[15]、淋洗[16]、电化学修复[17]、微生物修复[18]和植物修复等,其中植物修复具有环境扰动小、成本低、效率高等优点,成为重金属污染修复研究和应用热点[19-20]。但当前植物修复的研究主要集中超富集植物,偏注重其生态效益方面,但大部分超富集植物生物量小,经济效益低,因而在实际生产中不能兼顾经济效益[21-22]

    桑树(Morus alba)生长速度快,生物量大,种植范围广,经济价值高,耐寒耐旱[23],并且有研究表明桑树对Cd、Cu、Ni具有较强富集潜力和转移能力[24-26]。目前针对桑树的研究主要集中在抗旱抗寒性及其对单一重金属胁迫抗性研究上[27],针对重金属复合胁迫下桑树研究相对较少,但重金属在土壤中并不是单一存在,而是与其他重金属产生协同或拮抗作用而形成复合污染[28]。本研究利用盆栽实验,研究不同含量Pb、Cd复合胁迫下,桑树种子萌发和生长特性,以及Pb、Cd的富集和迁移,以期对种植桑树修复重金属Pb、Cd复合污染土壤的生态经济模式提供科学依据。

    实验用土取自北京林业大学实验林场(鹫峰),土壤类型为普通简育干润雏形土。采集0 ~ 20 cm表层土壤,除去枯枝落叶、石块等杂物,置于室内通风处阴干20 d后过筛备用,供试土壤pH值为7.54,重金属Pb含量为15.59 mg/kg、镉含量为0.017 9 mg/kg(与添加Pb、Cd含量差异较大,可忽略不计),有机质含量为31.27 g/kg,全磷含量为269 mg/kg,全氮含量为291 mg/kg,全钾含量为178 mg/kg,阳离子交换量(CEC)为30.68 cmol(+)/kg。

    桑树种子由郑州市三农种子有限公司提供,采摘后置于− 4 ℃环境下保存。桑树幼苗,在营养基质中(未添加重金属)培育桑树幼苗,统一选取株高为5 cm长势均一的幼苗用于盆栽实验。

    重金属试剂:Pb(NO32、Cd Cl2·2.5H2O。

    发芽实验采用二因素随机区组设计,设置Pb、Cd含量各6种不同水平,每个处理3个重复,采用随机区组排列(表1)。Pb、Cd溶液采用蒸馏水(pH = 7)统一配制。培养皿底部铺上3层滤纸,加入5 mL蒸馏水使其湿润,将50粒桑树种子放入培养皿中,用纯净水浸泡24 h后加入10 mL重金属溶液,培养皿放置在恒温箱中(25 ℃,2 000 lx,12 h/d),每隔2 d更换一次滤纸和溶液,待所有处理发芽数没有变化时,实验结束。

    表  1  Pb、Cd复合胁迫含量
    Table  1.  Concentrations of Pb and Cd under combined stress
    Pb含量
    Pb content/
    (mg·kg− 1)
    Cd含量 Cd content/(mg·kg− 1)
    00.212575100
    0P1C1P1C2P1C3P1C4P1C5P1C6
    250P2C1P2C2P2C3P2C4P2C5P2C6
    500P3C1P3C2P3C3P3C4P3C5P3C6
    750P4C1P4C2P4C3P4C4P4C5P4C6
    1 000P5C1P5C2P5C3P5C4P5C5P5C6
    1 250P6C1P6C2P6C3P6C4P6C5P6C6
    注:、P1、P2、P3、P4、P5、P6表示重金属Pb含量分别为0、250、500、750、1 000、1 250 mg/kg,C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6表示重金属Cd含量分别为0、0.2、1、25、75、100 mg/kg。P1C1表示Pb含量为0 mg/kg且Cd含量为0 mg/kg,P1C2表示Pb含量为0 mg/kg且Cd含量为0.2 mg/kg,以此类推。下同。 Notes: P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6 represent that the contents of heavy metal Pb are 0, 250, 500, 750, 1 000, 1 250 mg/kg, respectively; C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 represent that the contents of heavy metal Cd are 0, 0.2, 1, 25, 75, 100 mg/kg, respectively. P1C1 represents that the content of Pb is 0 mg/kg and the content of Cd is 0 mg/kg, P1C2 represents that the content of Pb is 0 mg/kg and the content of Cd is 0.2 mg/kg, and so on. The same below.
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    实验在北京林业大学实验林场(鹫峰)牡丹园1号温室进行,实验采用二因素随机区组设计,设置Pb、Cd含量各6种不同水平(具体见表1),每组处理重复3次;盆栽实验采用统一规格(上直径35 cm、底直径30 cm、高30 cm)、下垫托盘的塑料花盆进行,每盆添加6 kg土壤,并分别加入相应含量重金属溶液,稳定30 d后开始进行实验。每盆移栽5株长势均一(株高5 cm)的桑苗,之后每天上午08:00采用均匀喷洒方式浇水500 mL,盆内保持湿润状态,实验持续90 d,待实验结束时测量株高,根、茎、叶生物量和重金属Pb、Cd含量。

    胚根长度达到种子纵径长度一半发芽数记为1;发芽率 = 发芽种子数/供试种子数 × 100%;株高:桑苗移栽90 d时测量株高,每盆取各株平均高;生物量:90 d时,对桑树进行破坏性取样,将所有桑树幼苗全部挖出,根茎叶各自分开,用自来水冲洗干净后再用去离子水清洗一遍,置于105 ℃烘箱中杀青2 h后,置于80 ℃下烘至恒质量后进行称质量;重金属含量:90 d采集桑苗根茎叶,去离子水冲洗干净。杀青5 min(105 ℃),烘干至恒质量(70 ℃),研磨过尼龙筛(100目)。微波消解法消煮,用ICP-AES测定Pb、Cd含量;转移系数 = 地上部分重金属含量/地下部分重金属含量;富集系数 = 植物中的重金属含量/土壤中重金属含量。

    采用SPSS19.0进行数据处理;用Origin 9.2进行图表绘制。

    表2所示,在Pb单一胁迫下,发芽率随Pb含量增加而降低,最低值出现在P6C1处理(48.33%),相比较对照(85.67%)降低43.59%;在Cd单一胁迫下,发芽率同样随Cd含量增加而降低,最低值出现在P1C6(22.67%),相比对照(P1C1)下降了73.54%;在Pb-Cd复合胁迫下,发芽率随Pb、Cd含量上升而降低,且降低速率高于Pb、Cd单一胁迫,并且P4C6、P5(C3 ~ C6)、P6(C3 ~ C6)处理发芽率为0,Pb、Cd在对桑树种子发芽胁迫中表现为协同作用。

    表  2  Pb、Cd对桑树种子发芽率的影响
    Table  2.  Effects of lead and cadmium on germination rate of mulberry seeds %
    项目 ItemC1C2C3C4C5C6
    P185.67 ± 3.15Aa57.33 ± 6.26Ba43.33 ± 2.36Ca37.67 ± 3.96CDa31.67 ± 5.69Da22.67 ± 4.26Ea
    P278.67 ± 3.07Ab48.67 ± 5.14Bab41.33 ± 3.16BCa36.33 ± 4.14Ca14.33 ± 6.24Db10.33 ± 3.95Db
    P365.67 ± 3.07Ac45.67 ± 1.25Bc23.67 ± 5.14Cb21.67 ± 5.23Cb10.33 ± 2.24Db5.67 ± 2.17Eb
    P461.33 ± 6.35Ac29.67 ± 5.23Bd8.33 ± 2.25Cc6.67 ± 2.64Cc3.67 ± 3.06Cc0
    P558.33 ± 6.54Acd29.33 ± 6.22Bd0000
    P648.33 ± 3.27Ad22.67 ± 4.17Be0000
    注:不同小写字母代表同一列差异显著(P < 0.05),不同大写字母表示同一行差异显著(P < 0.05)。下同。Notes: different lowercase letters indicate significant difference in the same column at P < 0.05 level, and different capital letters indicate significant difference in the same line at P < 0.05 level. The same below.
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    表3所示,在Pb单一胁迫下,桑树株高随Pb含量升高表现出先升后降趋势,最高值为P2C1处理(91.71 cm),比对照处理株高(83.64 cm)升高9.69%,最低值为P6C1处理(46.18 cm),显著低于对照(P < 0.05)。在在Cd单一胁迫下,低含量Cd(0.2 mg/kg)P1C2处理株高与对照差异不显著,但随Cd含量升高,株高开始显著降低,最低值为P1C6处理(38.54 cm),比对照处理株高降低了53.92%。在Pb-Cd复合胁迫下,P2C2处理株高(93.21 cm)显著高于对照,P2C3和P3C2处理株高与对照差异不显著,其余全部复合胁迫处理全部显著低于对照(P < 0.05),除C2处理组(Cd含量0.2 mg/kg)外,其余复合胁迫处理随重金属含量上升而导致的株高降低速率高于对照处理,并在P6C5、P5C6、P6C6处理中出现桑树死亡。

    表  3  Pb、Cd对桑树株高的影响
    Table  3.  Effects of lead and cadmium on plant height of mulberry cm
    项目 ItemC1C2C3C4C5C6
    P1 83.64 ± 2.41bc85.99 ± 4.11b80.74 ± 1.59c65.13 ± 1.72d51.45 ± 2.17f38.54 ± 2.1h
    P291.71 ± 3.41a93.21 ± 3.86a81.56 ± 3.15c56.69 ± 2.36e46.25 ± 2.65g36.25 ± 2.23hi
    P386.76 ± 2.38b80.21 ± 3.37c78.63 ± 4.06c52.14 ± 2.73f41.28 ± 2.89h25.58 ± 2.71j
    P469.45 ± 2.08d73.02 ± 3.42d67.84 ± 3.34d39.23 ± 2.86h38.15 ± 2.71h22.15 ± 1.13k
    P562.71 ± 1.73d67.51 ± 1.45d58.67 ± 2.13e36.55 ± 1.34hi27.11 ± 3.06j0
    P646.18 ± 2.84g51.61 ± 2.04f45.32 ± 1.51g34.22 ± 0.67i00
    注:不同字母代表株高差异显著(P < 0.05)。Notes: different letters indicate significant difference between plant heights (P < 0.05).
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    图1所示,在Pb单一胁迫下,桑树根、茎、叶生物量随Pb含量上升而一致表现出先升高后降低趋势,根茎叶生物量最高值同时出现在P2C1处理(36.95、42.99、20.04 g),均显著高于对照处理,分别比对照增加了7.99%、8.81%、8.79%;生物量最低值出现在P6C1处理,根茎叶生物量均显著低于对照处理;P4C1处理桑树地上生物量(43.47 g)比对照处理(57.93 g)下降了25%;在Cd单一胁迫下,根茎叶生物量随Cd浓度升高同样呈现出先升高后降低现象,最高值为P1C2处理,但与对照处理差异不显著;最低值出现在P1C6处理,各部位生物量均显著低于对照处理;P1C4处理地上生物量(38.27 g)比对照处理下降了34%;在Pb-Cd复合胁迫下,桑树各部位生物量最高值出现在P2C2处理,显著高于对照处理;随Pb、Cd含量升高,各部位生物量均呈现下降趋势,其中P3C3处理地上生物量(42.27%)比对照处理下降了27%,P6C5、P5C6、P6C6处理出现桑树幼苗致死现象。

    图  1  Pb、Cd对桑树生物量的影响
    不同小写字母代表不同处理差异显著(P < 0.05)。下同。Different small letters indicate significant difference among varied treatments at P < 0.05. The same below.
    Figure  1.  Effects of lead and cadmium on biomass of mulberry

    Pb单一胁迫下,桑树根、茎、叶Pb含量随土壤中Pb浓度提升而增加,各部位Pb含量大小关系为根 > 茎 > 叶,Pb主要赋存在根系当中(图2);Pb-Cd复合胁迫下各部位的Pb含量随Cd含量上升呈现下降趋势,Cd离子的存在抑制了桑树对Pb的吸收。在Cd单一胁迫下,C1 ~ C5处理组桑树根、茎、叶Cd含量随土壤中Cd含量提升而增加(图3),C6(100 mg/kg)处理组桑树各部位Cd含量低于C5处理组,可能是过高含量的Cd离子严重影响了桑树的生长,抑制了对Cd吸收;Pb-Cd复合胁迫下,P2处理组各部位Cd含量高于对照组(P < 0.05),低含量的Pb(250 mg/kg)促进了桑树对Cd的吸收,但Pb含量达到500 mg/kg之后,桑树各部位Cd含量迅速下降。

    图  2  桑树各部分Pb含量
    Figure  2.  Concentrations of Pb in each part of mulberry
    图  3  桑树各部分Cd含量
    Figure  3.  Concentrations of Cd in each part of mulberry

    富集系数(BCF)是反映植物对重金属吸收能力的标志性指标。富集系数等于植物中的重金属含量与土壤中的重金属含量的比值,比值越大表示该植物对重金属的富集能力越强[29]。Pb单一胁迫下,Pb富集系数为0.06 ~ 0.14(图4),富集系数随土壤中Pb含量升高而降低;Pb-Cd复合胁迫下,同一Pb含量下,Pb富集系数随Cd含量升高而降低;Cd单一胁迫下,Cd富集系数为0.09 ~ 0.48(图4),富集系数随土壤中Cd含量升高而降低;Pb-Cd复合胁迫下,P2处理组(200 mg/kg)Cd富集系数高于所有处理组,其余处理组Cd富集系数随Cd含量升高而降低。迁移系数(TF)是指植物地上部重金属含量与根系中重金属含量的比值,用来评价植物对重金属的输送能力,系数越大说明输送能力越强[30]。在单一胁迫下,Pb的迁移系数(0.12 ~ 0.18)Cd的迁移系数(0.09 ~ 0.48)分别随土壤中Pb、Cd的含量升高而下降(图5);Pb-Cd复合胁迫下,Pb的迁移系数随Cd的含量升高而下降,Cd的迁移系数随Pb含量的升高先升后降,低含量的Pb促进Cd向地上部转移(图5)。

    图  4  Pb、Cd富集系数
    Figure  4.  Enrichment coefficients of Pb and Cd
    图  5  Pb、Cd迁移系数
    Figure  5.  Transfer coefficients of Pb and Cd

    本研究发现不同含量的Pb、Cd单一或复合胁迫均会抑制桑树种子萌发,复合胁迫抑制作用强于单一胁迫。王波等[31]研究发现,南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)种子发芽率与铅、镉处理含量呈极显著负相关(P < 0.01);邹文桐通过研究发现,随着Pb、Cd复合含量的增加,宽杆芥菜(Brassica juncea)种子发芽率显著下降,Pb、Cd复合胁迫不利于芥菜种子的萌发[32],与本文研究结果相一致。分析原因可能是由于Pb、Cd降低了种子蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性,进而抑制种子内蛋白质和淀粉分解,导致种子萌发供能不足[33]。冯鹏等对黑麦草研究发现,低含量Pb对生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)种子发芽影响不显著,低含量Cd对黑麦草种子发芽势及发芽率具有促进作用[34];Wang等[35]通过研究发现,低含量的Pb、Cd对小麦(Triticum aestivum)种子萌发具有一定促进作用,与本文的研究结果不相同,说明在Pb、Cd复合胁迫下不同植物种子的生理机制和响应程度不同。

    研究表明,当Pb、Cd在植物中积累到一定含量时,会影响植物生长,严重时会导致植物死亡[36]。在本研究中,低含量Pb、Cd(250、0.2 mg/kg)会促进桑树株高生长各部位生物量积累,但随Pb、Cd含量升高转为抑制桑树生长,复合胁迫抑制作用强于单一胁迫。Si 等人通过研究发现,低含量的重金属环境会提高桑树株高、总生物量和冠幅[26];黄仁志等同样发现低含量的Pb、Cd能够明显促进桑苗生长[37];徐学华等对通过研究发现低含量的Pb、Cd会促进红瑞木的株高生长生物量积累,但高含量的重金属会抑制红瑞木的生长[38],上述研究与本实验结果相一致。分析原因可能是因为(1)低含量的重金属会促进叶绿素的合成,促进植物光合作用,高含量的重金属会替代Mg2+,破坏叶绿体的结构和功能[39];(2)高含量重金属会导致活性氧代谢系统失调,破坏植物的膜系统,降低光合作用[40-41];(3)低含量重金属诱导植物产生活性氧自由基,诱导某些基因表达,提高植物代谢速率,促进植物生长[42];高含量重金属会导致活性氧自由基产生过多,降低植物体内多种保护酶活性,导致植物代谢紊乱,抑制物质生长[43]

    在以往研究中,通常将植物地上部分生物量下降25%时土壤中的重金属含量定义为植物的重金属耐受上限[44]。在本研究中,Pb、Cd单一胁迫下,桑树对Pb的耐受值为1 000 mg/kg,对Cd的耐受值为25 mg/kg,这与陈朝明等的当土壤镉含量 ≥ 25.8 mg/kg后,地上部分生物量才明显下降的研究结果相一致[45],表明桑树对Pb、Cd具有较强的耐受性。在Pb-Cd复合胁迫下,桑树对Pb、Cd的耐受值上限分别降至500 mg/kg和1 mg/kg,表明Pb、Cd在对桑树的胁迫中表现为协同作用。

    陈朝明等[45]对桑−蚕系统Cd的吸收、富集和迁移研究以及Zhou等[27]对桑蚕系统对土壤中镉的转移和解毒机制的研究发现,桑树各部分Cd含量大小关系为根 > 茎 > 叶片,与本研究土壤中的Pb、Cd进入桑树后主要富集在根系中的研究结果相一致。本研究中桑树对Cd的富集和迁移能力高于Pb,与黄仁志等[37]对不同重金属胁迫对桑树生长的影响研究结果相一致;本研究中,Cd富集系数最高值为0.32,迁移系数最高值为0.51,没有达到超富集植物(BCF > 1、TF > 1)的标准,但桑树生物量大、生长迅速、耐寒耐旱,抗盐碱,耐贫瘠[46],经济价值高[47],能够通过种桑养蚕模式在修复土壤重金属污染的同时带来较高的经济收益。我们还发现Pb、Cd单一和复合胁迫下,随Pb、Cd含量的增加,Pb、Cd富集系数整体呈现降低趋势,说明桑树对低含量Pb、Cd污染土壤修复效果优于高含量污染土壤。

    (1)Pb、Cd单一及复合胁迫均对桑树种子萌发具有抑制作用,复合胁迫抑制作用强于单一胁迫。

    (2)低含量Pb(< 250 mg/kg)、Cd(< 1 mg/kg)胁迫会促进桑树生长和生物量累积,高含量则转为抑制作用。

    (3)土壤中的Pb、Cd进入桑树后主要富集在根系中,桑树对低含量的Pb、Cd具有较高的富集系数,桑树对Pb、Cd富集及迁移系数均小于1,不属于超富集植物。可在Pb、Cd含量较低的土壤中开展种桑养蚕污染修复模式,同时实现经济效益和生态效益。

  • 图  1   Pb、Cd对桑树生物量的影响

    不同小写字母代表不同处理差异显著(P < 0.05)。下同。Different small letters indicate significant difference among varied treatments at P < 0.05. The same below.

    Figure  1.   Effects of lead and cadmium on biomass of mulberry

    图  2   桑树各部分Pb含量

    Figure  2.   Concentrations of Pb in each part of mulberry

    图  3   桑树各部分Cd含量

    Figure  3.   Concentrations of Cd in each part of mulberry

    图  4   Pb、Cd富集系数

    Figure  4.   Enrichment coefficients of Pb and Cd

    图  5   Pb、Cd迁移系数

    Figure  5.   Transfer coefficients of Pb and Cd

    表  1   Pb、Cd复合胁迫含量

    Table  1   Concentrations of Pb and Cd under combined stress

    Pb含量
    Pb content/
    (mg·kg− 1)
    Cd含量 Cd content/(mg·kg− 1)
    00.212575100
    0P1C1P1C2P1C3P1C4P1C5P1C6
    250P2C1P2C2P2C3P2C4P2C5P2C6
    500P3C1P3C2P3C3P3C4P3C5P3C6
    750P4C1P4C2P4C3P4C4P4C5P4C6
    1 000P5C1P5C2P5C3P5C4P5C5P5C6
    1 250P6C1P6C2P6C3P6C4P6C5P6C6
    注:、P1、P2、P3、P4、P5、P6表示重金属Pb含量分别为0、250、500、750、1 000、1 250 mg/kg,C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6表示重金属Cd含量分别为0、0.2、1、25、75、100 mg/kg。P1C1表示Pb含量为0 mg/kg且Cd含量为0 mg/kg,P1C2表示Pb含量为0 mg/kg且Cd含量为0.2 mg/kg,以此类推。下同。 Notes: P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6 represent that the contents of heavy metal Pb are 0, 250, 500, 750, 1 000, 1 250 mg/kg, respectively; C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 represent that the contents of heavy metal Cd are 0, 0.2, 1, 25, 75, 100 mg/kg, respectively. P1C1 represents that the content of Pb is 0 mg/kg and the content of Cd is 0 mg/kg, P1C2 represents that the content of Pb is 0 mg/kg and the content of Cd is 0.2 mg/kg, and so on. The same below.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   Pb、Cd对桑树种子发芽率的影响

    Table  2   Effects of lead and cadmium on germination rate of mulberry seeds %

    项目 ItemC1C2C3C4C5C6
    P185.67 ± 3.15Aa57.33 ± 6.26Ba43.33 ± 2.36Ca37.67 ± 3.96CDa31.67 ± 5.69Da22.67 ± 4.26Ea
    P278.67 ± 3.07Ab48.67 ± 5.14Bab41.33 ± 3.16BCa36.33 ± 4.14Ca14.33 ± 6.24Db10.33 ± 3.95Db
    P365.67 ± 3.07Ac45.67 ± 1.25Bc23.67 ± 5.14Cb21.67 ± 5.23Cb10.33 ± 2.24Db5.67 ± 2.17Eb
    P461.33 ± 6.35Ac29.67 ± 5.23Bd8.33 ± 2.25Cc6.67 ± 2.64Cc3.67 ± 3.06Cc0
    P558.33 ± 6.54Acd29.33 ± 6.22Bd0000
    P648.33 ± 3.27Ad22.67 ± 4.17Be0000
    注:不同小写字母代表同一列差异显著(P < 0.05),不同大写字母表示同一行差异显著(P < 0.05)。下同。Notes: different lowercase letters indicate significant difference in the same column at P < 0.05 level, and different capital letters indicate significant difference in the same line at P < 0.05 level. The same below.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   Pb、Cd对桑树株高的影响

    Table  3   Effects of lead and cadmium on plant height of mulberry cm

    项目 ItemC1C2C3C4C5C6
    P1 83.64 ± 2.41bc85.99 ± 4.11b80.74 ± 1.59c65.13 ± 1.72d51.45 ± 2.17f38.54 ± 2.1h
    P291.71 ± 3.41a93.21 ± 3.86a81.56 ± 3.15c56.69 ± 2.36e46.25 ± 2.65g36.25 ± 2.23hi
    P386.76 ± 2.38b80.21 ± 3.37c78.63 ± 4.06c52.14 ± 2.73f41.28 ± 2.89h25.58 ± 2.71j
    P469.45 ± 2.08d73.02 ± 3.42d67.84 ± 3.34d39.23 ± 2.86h38.15 ± 2.71h22.15 ± 1.13k
    P562.71 ± 1.73d67.51 ± 1.45d58.67 ± 2.13e36.55 ± 1.34hi27.11 ± 3.06j0
    P646.18 ± 2.84g51.61 ± 2.04f45.32 ± 1.51g34.22 ± 0.67i00
    注:不同字母代表株高差异显著(P < 0.05)。Notes: different letters indicate significant difference between plant heights (P < 0.05).
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2019-06-02
  • 修回日期:  2019-06-23
  • 网络出版日期:  2020-03-06
  • 发布日期:  2020-04-26

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