北京六环内校园林木树冠覆盖与森林结构分析

李晓婷; 马杰; 刘佳; 贾宝全; 姜莎莎

doi:10.12171/j.1000-1522.20190259

北京六环内校园林木树冠覆盖与森林结构分析

Analysis on tree canopy coverage and forest structure in schools within the Sixth Ring Road of Beijing

摘要

摘要:
目的校园是青少年群体的主要活动场所，本文旨在通过探究校园城市森林的数量与质量基础现状，为进一步丰富城市森林内涵，提高未来的校园环境绿化质量提供理论依据和实践参考，使未来校园城市森林的建设及城市森林功能的拓展得到重视，真正满足城市青年群体的需求。
方法本论文以2013年北京城区0.5 m分辨率的World -View- 2卫星影像以及树冠覆盖栅格与矢量图为数据源，对北京市六环内984所学校校园林木树冠覆盖率进行统计；并随机抽取了126所学校，对其城市森林结构进行典型样地调查，记录调查样地内乔灌木植物种类、胸径（乔木）或地径（灌木）、树高、冠幅指标，据此进行校园森林群落结构分析。
结果大学、中学、小学树冠覆盖率分别为31.91%、16.52%、17.08%，潜在树冠覆盖率分别为4.81%、0.62%、0.42%。学校整体物种丰富度指数（R）、Shannon-Wiener指数（H）、Pielou指数（J）分别为6.30、1.55、0.91，大学新校区物种多样性低于老校区。校园内树木平均胸径、冠幅和树高分别为23.93 cm、6.02 m和7.80 m。
结论北京市校园森林群落林木树冠覆盖低于北京市整体林木树冠覆盖水平，且潜在绿化空间不足。大学物种丰富度高于中小学，同类校园内部物种多样性差异也较大，校园绿化水平参差不齐。胸径在10 ~ 20 cm，冠幅在4 ~ 6 m以及树高在5 ~ 10 m等级的青、壮年树木在学校城市森林中的数量占比最多，树冠自然扩展的潜力较强，是今后提高校园林木树冠覆盖的后备力量。校园城市森林树冠覆盖率，树冠覆盖斑块大小，树木胸径平均值均与校园面积显著正相关。

Abstract:
ObjectiveCampus is the main activity area for youth groups.This article aims to provide theoretical basis and practical reference for further enriching the connotation of urban forests and improving the quality of school greening in the future by exploring the quantity and quality of urban forest in the school. At the same time, it is hoped that the construction of campus urban forest and the expansion of urban forest function will be paid more attention to in order to truly meet the needs of urban youth groups.
MethodThis paper analyses the urban tree canopy (UTC) in 984 schools within the Sixth Ring Road of Beijing. Analysis was made based on World-View-2 remote sensing images with a resolution of 0.5 m in 2013 and the tree canopy coverage grid and vector map. In addition, 126 schools were randomly selected and their urban forest structure was investigated by field sampling.The survey included tree species, DBH, tree height and crown width.
ResultThe results showed that the existing urban tree canopy rate (EUTCR) of universities, high schools and primary schools were 31.91%, 16.52% and 17.08%, respectively, and the potential urban tree canopy rates (PUTCR) were 4.81%, 0.62% and 0.42%, respectively. The species richness index (R), Shannon-Wiener index (H) and Pielou index (J) were 6.30, 1.55 and 0.91, respectively. The species diversity of new campus was lower than that of old campus; the average DBH, crown width and tree height in the school were 23.93 cm, 6.02 m and 7.80 m, respectively.
ConclusionThe EUTCR in school was lower than the average level in Beijing urban area, and PUTCR in school was insufficient.The species richness of universities was higher than that of primary and high schools, and the species diversity of same kind of schools was also quite different.There were many young and middle-aged trees with DBH of 10−20 cm, crown width of 4−6 m and tree height of 5−10 m in the school, showing that the potential of natural expansion of tree canopy was strong, and it is a reserve force to improve the EUTCR in the future. In addition, our study also shows that the EUTCR, the size of tree canopy patches, and the average DBH of trees are significantly positively correlated with the school area.

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