北京六环内校园林木树冠覆盖与森林结构分析

李晓婷; 马杰; 刘佳; 贾宝全; 姜莎莎

doi:10.12171/j.1000-1522.20190259

北京六环内校园林木树冠覆盖与森林结构分析

李晓婷^1,2,3,,
马杰^1,2,3,4,
刘佳^1,2,3,
贾宝全^1,2,3, ,,
姜莎莎^1,2,3

1.
中国林业科学研究院林业研究所，北京 100091
2.
国家林业和草原局林木培育重点实验室，北京 100091
3.
国家林业和草原局城市森林研究中心，北京 100091
4.
河南科技学院，河南新乡 453003

基金项目: 林业公益性行业科研专项（201404301）

详细信息

作者简介:
李晓婷。主要研究方向：城市景观生态。Email：2459024105@qq.com 　地址：100091北京市海淀区香山路东小府一号

责任作者:
贾宝全，博士生导师。主要研究方向：城市景观生态。Email：jiabaoquan2006@163.com 　地址：同上

中图分类号: S731.8; Q14; X32
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-06-17
- 修回日期: 2019-11-18
- 网络出版日期: 2020-03-20
- 发布日期: 2020-03-30

Analysis on tree canopy coverage and forest structure in schools within the Sixth Ring Road of Beijing

Li Xiaoting^1,2,3,,
Ma Jie^1,2,3,4,
Liu Jia^1,2,3,
Jia Baoquan^1,2,3, ,,
Jiang Shasha^1,2,3

1.
Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
3.
Research Centre of Urban Forestry, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
4.
Henan University of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China

摘要

摘要:
目的校园是青少年群体的主要活动场所，本文旨在通过探究校园城市森林的数量与质量基础现状，为进一步丰富城市森林内涵，提高未来的校园环境绿化质量提供理论依据和实践参考，使未来校园城市森林的建设及城市森林功能的拓展得到重视，真正满足城市青年群体的需求。
方法本论文以2013年北京城区0.5 m分辨率的World -View- 2卫星影像以及树冠覆盖栅格与矢量图为数据源，对北京市六环内984所学校校园林木树冠覆盖率进行统计；并随机抽取了126所学校，对其城市森林结构进行典型样地调查，记录调查样地内乔灌木植物种类、胸径（乔木）或地径（灌木）、树高、冠幅指标，据此进行校园森林群落结构分析。
结果大学、中学、小学树冠覆盖率分别为31.91%、16.52%、17.08%，潜在树冠覆盖率分别为4.81%、0.62%、0.42%。学校整体物种丰富度指数（R）、Shannon-Wiener指数（H）、Pielou指数（J）分别为6.30、1.55、0.91，大学新校区物种多样性低于老校区。校园内树木平均胸径、冠幅和树高分别为23.93 cm、6.02 m和7.80 m。
结论北京市校园森林群落林木树冠覆盖低于北京市整体林木树冠覆盖水平，且潜在绿化空间不足。大学物种丰富度高于中小学，同类校园内部物种多样性差异也较大，校园绿化水平参差不齐。胸径在10 ~ 20 cm，冠幅在4 ~ 6 m以及树高在5 ~ 10 m等级的青、壮年树木在学校城市森林中的数量占比最多，树冠自然扩展的潜力较强，是今后提高校园林木树冠覆盖的后备力量。校园城市森林树冠覆盖率，树冠覆盖斑块大小，树木胸径平均值均与校园面积显著正相关。
- 学校 /
- 北京 /
- 林木树冠覆盖 /
- 城市森林 /
- 森林结构 /
- 多样性
Abstract:
ObjectiveCampus is the main activity area for youth groups.This article aims to provide theoretical basis and practical reference for further enriching the connotation of urban forests and improving the quality of school greening in the future by exploring the quantity and quality of urban forest in the school. At the same time, it is hoped that the construction of campus urban forest and the expansion of urban forest function will be paid more attention to in order to truly meet the needs of urban youth groups.
MethodThis paper analyses the urban tree canopy (UTC) in 984 schools within the Sixth Ring Road of Beijing. Analysis was made based on World-View-2 remote sensing images with a resolution of 0.5 m in 2013 and the tree canopy coverage grid and vector map. In addition, 126 schools were randomly selected and their urban forest structure was investigated by field sampling.The survey included tree species, DBH, tree height and crown width.
ResultThe results showed that the existing urban tree canopy rate (EUTCR) of universities, high schools and primary schools were 31.91%, 16.52% and 17.08%, respectively, and the potential urban tree canopy rates (PUTCR) were 4.81%, 0.62% and 0.42%, respectively. The species richness index (R), Shannon-Wiener index (H) and Pielou index (J) were 6.30, 1.55 and 0.91, respectively. The species diversity of new campus was lower than that of old campus; the average DBH, crown width and tree height in the school were 23.93 cm, 6.02 m and 7.80 m, respectively.
ConclusionThe EUTCR in school was lower than the average level in Beijing urban area, and PUTCR in school was insufficient.The species richness of universities was higher than that of primary and high schools, and the species diversity of same kind of schools was also quite different.There were many young and middle-aged trees with DBH of 10−20 cm, crown width of 4−6 m and tree height of 5−10 m in the school, showing that the potential of natural expansion of tree canopy was strong, and it is a reserve force to improve the EUTCR in the future. In addition, our study also shows that the EUTCR, the size of tree canopy patches, and the average DBH of trees are significantly positively correlated with the school area.
- school /
- Beijing /
- tree canopy coverage /
- urban forest /
- forest structure /
- species diversity

HTML全文

图 1 北京六环内全部学校与学校抽样点分布图

Figure 1. Distribution map of the schools and sampling school points within the Sixth Ring Road of Beijing

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 不同类别校园林木树冠覆盖等级分布

Figure 2. Coverage level distribution of forest canopy in different kinds of schools

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 校园城市森林空间结构特征

Figure 3. Spatial structure characteristics of school urban forests

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 校园面积与林木树冠面积关系

Figure 4. Relations between campus area and forest canopy area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 乔木胸径、冠幅、树高分级

Table 1 Grading standards of arbor DBH, crown width and tree height

等级编号 Grade No.	胸径等级 DBH class/cm	树高等级 Tree height (H) class/m	冠幅等级 Crown width (G) class/m
1	DBH < 10	H < 5	G < 2
2	10 ≤ DBH < 20	5 ≤ H < 10	2 ≤ G < 4
3	20 ≤ DBH < 30	10 ≤ H < 15	4 ≤ G < 6
4	30 ≤ DBH < 40	15 ≤ H < 20	6 ≤ G < 8
5	40 ≤ DBH < 50	H ≥ 20	8 ≤ G < 10
6	DBH ≥ 50		G ≥ 10

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 校园林木树冠覆盖等级统计

Table 2 Statistical analysis in levels of school tree canopy coverage

项目 Item	极低覆盖度 Severe low coverage level	低覆盖度 Low coverage level	中覆盖度 Medium coverage level	高覆盖度 High coverage level	极高覆盖度 Severe high coverage level
覆盖范围 Coverage range/%	< 1.5	1.5 ~ 12.0	12.0 ~ 22.5	22.5 ~ 33.0	≥ 33.0
数量总计 Total number	19	339	359	181	86
数量占比 Rate to total number/%	1.93	34.45	36.48	18.39	8.74

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表 3 UTC斑块规模数量分布比例

Table 3 Distribution pattern of UTC patches in different school categories %

项目 Item	小斑块 Small patch (≤ 500 m²)	中斑块 Medium patch (500 ~ 2 000 m²)	大斑块 Large patch (2 000 ~ 10 000 m²)	特大斑块 Extra large patch (10 000 ~ 50 000 m²)	巨斑块 Huge patch (> 50 000 m²)
大学 University	77.76	15.11	5.52	1.40	0.21
中学 High school	84.06	13.03	2.82	0.09	0.00
小学 Primary school	87.22	10.79	1.86	0.13	0.00

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表 4 大学校园人均UTC分级

Table 4 Distribution of per capita UTC in university campus

项目 Item	≤ 2 m²	2 ~ 5 m²	5 ~ 10 m²	10 ~ 15 m²	15 ~ 20 m²	> 20 m²	总计 Total
学校数量 School number	15	12	21	4	2	4	58
学校数量占比 Proportion of school/%	25.86	20.69	36.21	6.90	3.45	6.90	100

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表 5 校园城市森林各项多样性指数

Table 5 Diversity indexes of urban forests in different school categories

项目 Item	丰富度指数 Richness index (R)		Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index (H)		Pielou指数 Pielou index (J)
项目 Item	平均值 Average	变差系数 Coefficient of variation	平均值 Average	变差系数 Coefficient of variation	平均值 Average	变差系数 Coefficient of variation
大学 University	8.90	0.35	1.93	0.22	0.91	0.04
中学 High school	6.70	0.49	1.59	0.33	0.87	0.20
小学 Primary school	6.10	0.54	1.52	0.35	0.92	0.09
全部学校 Total school	6.30	0.53	1.55	0.35	0.91	0.11

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表 6 校园城市森林乔木平均水平

Table 6 Average level of urban forest trees in different school categories

项目 Item	平均胸径 Average DBH/cm	平均冠幅 Average crown width/m	平均树高 Average tree height/m
大学 University	23.56	6.03	7.7
中学 High school	23.2	5.86	7.82
小学 Primary school	25.59	6.14	8.41
全部学校 Total school	23.74	6.02	7.8

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表 7 新旧校区各项指标比较

Table 7 Comparison in each index between old and new campuses

项目 Item	丰富度指数 Richness index (R)	Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index (H)	Pielou指数 Pielou index (J)	现实树冠覆盖率 Existing canopy coverage (EUTCR)/%	潜在树冠覆盖率 Potential canopy coverage (PUTCR)/%
老校区 Old campus	5.42	1.46	0.90	30.79	0.00
新校区 New campus	4.91	1.20	0.74	27.76	0.08
差值 D-value	− 0.51	− 0.26	− 0.16	− 3.03	0.08

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