Exploring the strategy of scenic forest construction in cultural heritage corridor: taking a scenic forest special plan of the ancient Great Wall cultural heritage corridor in Datong, northern China as an example
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摘要:
目的生态廊道是文化遗产廊道中的重要组成部分，而植被修复又是生态廊道构建的核心工作。在文化遗产廊道中进行植被修复，既要满足生态修复的要求，又要满足传承历史风貌、呈现特色景观等更高的需求。风景林是在生态稳定前提下，具有观赏、游憩及旅游功能的人工或自然群落，具有较高的生态、美学、游览价值，能够实现文化遗产廊道中自然生态与文化景观的平衡发展。因此，文化遗产廊道中的风景林营造策略与方法的研究十分重要且迫切。 方法本研究以“大同市古长城文化遗产廊道风景林专项规划”为例，探索遗产廊道中的风景林营造策略。具体方法：（1）依据法律法规确定遗产保护的缓冲区，在缓冲区范围外，通过数字信息的收集和分析，科学甄选造林范围，再依据具体立地条件划分为造林细班；（2）依据廊道具体情况制定植被景观风貌控制和造林强度控制；（3）以当地原生植物群落为蓝本，进行品种选择、植被群落构建和建植方式设计。 结果本研究利用GIS技术建立了研究区基础数据平台，通过林地适宜性评价、视域分析等方法实现了宜林地范围选取及细班划分，同时结合传统造林与风景园林植物规划设计在空间规划与植物造景方面的方法，依据研究区林木生长立地条件，从植被景观风貌控制、造林强度控制、树种选择、群落构建及细班方案设计五方面打造了符合生态规律与景观美学的大同古长城文化遗产廊道风景林，使研究区整体形成近自然、地域性、生态性、多样性的植被风貌，同时各分区凸显地域品种和群落的差异。 结论该研究指导了大同市古长城沿线长度约250 km、面域近186 km2的文化遗产廊道风景林营造，充分证明了上述风景林营造策略在遗产廊道中的有效性。 Abstract:ObjectiveEcological corridor is an important component of cultural heritage corridor, and vegetation restoration is the core of ecological corridor construction. Vegetation restoration in cultural heritage corridors should not only meet the requirements of ecological restoration, but also meet higher demands, e.g., inheriting historical features and presenting characteristic landscapes. Scenic forest is an artificial or natural community with ornamental, recreational and tourism function under the premise of ecological stability, which has high ecological, aesthetic and tourism value, and can realize the balanced development of natural ecological and cultural landscape in the cultural heritage corridor. Therefore, the study of scenic forest construction strategies in cultural heritage corridors is very important and urgent. MethodThis study took the “Special Planning of Scenic Forest in the Ancient Great Wall Cultural Heritage Corridor of Datong City” as an example, and explored the strategy of constructing scenic forest in the heritage corridor. The specific methods were as follows: first, according to laws and regulations, the buffer zones of heritage protection were decided. Outside the buffer zone, after collecting and analyzing the digital information, the scopes of afforestation were determined. Then the afforestation classes were resolved according to the specific conditions of the land. Next, according to the specific situation of the corridor, the vegetation landscape control and afforestation intensity control were formulated. Finally, the selection of varieties, vegetation community construction and planting method design were determined based on the local native plant community. ResultThis research breaks through the traditional afforestation method and guides the construction of cultural heritage corridors along the length of the ancient Great Wall in Datong City with a length of about 250 km and a surface area of nearly 186 km2. ConclusionThe successful implementation of this case fully proves the effectiveness of the above-mentioned scenic forest construction strategy in the heritage corridor. -
Key words:
- The Great Wall /
- cultural heritage corridor /
- vegetation restoration /
- scenic forest /
- variety /
- community /
- planting method
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图 4 文化遗产廊道风景林营造工作框架
Figure 4. Landscape forest construction work framework for cultural heritage corridor
图 6 研究区林地适宜性评价结果
Figure 6. Forest land suitability evaluation results in the study area
图 7 选取宜林地范围操作流程
Figure 7. Operating procedures in selecting the appropriate forest land
图 11 一般区域细班方案（以左云县为例）
Figure 11. General regional fine class program (taking Zuoyun County as an example)
图 12 重点区域细班方案（以左云县二十边景区为例）
Figure 12. Key regional fine class program (taking Ershibian Scenic Spot of Zuoyun County as an example)
图 13 规则式种植法与7:3种植法的比较
Figure 13. Comparison between regular planting method and 7:3 planting method
图 15 研究区风景林营造效果示意
Figure 15. Effects of the scenic forest construction in the study area
表 1 研究区林地适宜性评价指标体系
Table 1. Forest land suitability evaluation index system in research area
评价因子
Evaluation factor等级赋值 Rank assignment 权重
WeightS1 S2 S3 N 地形坡度 Topographic slope degree 0° ~ 5° 5° ~ 15° 15° ~ 25° > 25° 0.406 地形坡向 Topographic slope aspect 阴坡 Shady slope 半阴坡 Half shady slope 半阳坡 Half sunny slope 阳坡 Sunny slope 0.312 沟壑密度/（km·hm− 2） Ravine density/(km·ha− 1) 0 ~ 0.2 0.2 ~ 0.4 0.4 ~ 0.6 > 0.6 0.167 植被覆盖度 Vegetation coverage > 0.7 0.7 ~ 0.4 0.4 ~ 0.1 < 0.1 0.115 
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表 2 研究区代表性植物名录
Table 2. List of representative plants in the study area
种类 Species 植物名录 List of plant 乔木 Tree 常绿针叶乔木
Evergreen coniferous tree油松 Pinus tabuliformis、樟子松 Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica、白扦 Picea meyeri、侧柏 Platycladus orientalis 落叶阔叶乔木
Deciduous broad-leaved tree旱柳 Salix matsudana、樟河柳 Salix chaenomeloides、垂柳 Salix babylonica、刺槐 Robinia pseudoacacia、群众杨 Populus ‘Popularis’、合作杨 Cooperation ‘Popularis’、榆树 Ulmus pumila、胡杨 Populus euphratica、山杨 Populus davidiana、五角枫 Acer mono、元宝枫 Acer truncatum、白桦 Betula platyphylla、金叶榆 Ulmus pumila cv. ‘Jinye’、落叶松 Larix gmelinii、金叶白蜡 Fraxinus chinensis、金叶复叶槭 Acer negundo ‘Aurea’ 灌木 Shrub 常绿灌木
Evergreen shrub杜松 Juniperus rigida、砂地柏 Sabina vulgaris、四翅滨藜 Atriplex canescens 阔叶灌木
Broadleaf shrub卫矛 Euonymus alatus、醉鱼木 Buddleja ahernifolia、柠条 Caragana korshinskii、紫丁香 Syringa oblata、辽东丁香 Syringa wolfii、北京丁香 Syringa pekinensis、暴马丁香 Syringa reticulata var. amurensis、小叶丁香 Syringa pubescens subsp. microphylla、密枝红叶李 Prunuscerasifera var. atropurpurea ‘Russia’、连翘 Forsythia suspensa、茶条槭 Acer ginnala、紫叶稠李 Padus virginiana ‘Canada Red’、胡枝子 Lespedeza bicolor、小叶锦鸡儿 Caragana microphylla、紫穗槐 Amorpha fruticosa、乌柳 Salix cheilophila 、柽柳 Tamarix chinensis 水生植物 Aquatic plant 芦苇 Phragmites australis、千屈菜 Lythrum salicaria、鸢尾 Iris tectorum 经济林树种及经济作物
Economic forest tree
species and cash crop山杏 Armeniaca sibirica、山桃 Amygdalus davidiana、李树 Prunus sp.、大果沙棘 Fructus hippophae、刺玫 Rosa davurica、滨沙果 Malus asiatica
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表 3 典型群落结组合模式
Table 3. Typical community knot combination model
地类
Terrain type群落组合模式
Community assemblage model典型群落
Typical community示意图
Sketch map沟壑
Gully乔木随机成组团混交 + 灌木成规模大面积种植
Trees are randomly grouped and mixed + large scale shrub planting金叶榆（30%） + 醉鱼木
（40%） + 卫矛（30%）；Ulmus pumila cv. ‘Jinye’ (30%) + Buddleja ahernifolia (40%) + Euonymus alatus（30%）
宜林荒山荒地
Barren mountain and wasteland suitable for forest大小乔木 + 灌木随机成组团混交种植（坡度10° ~ 20°）
Large and small trees + shrubs are planted randomly in groups (with a slope of 10° − 20 °)油松（50%） + 金叶复叶槭（20%） + 小叶丁香（30%）；Pinus tabuliformis (50%) + Acer negundo ‘Aurea’ (20%) + Syringa pubescens subsp. microphylla（30%） 
沙丘
Sand dune柠条2 m × 3 m十字交叉种植Caragana korshinskii 2 m × 3 m cross planting 柠条（90%） + 樟子松（10%）；Caragana korshinskii (90%) + Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica（10%） 
河流湿地
River wetland灌木随机成组团混交种植Shrubs are planted randomly in groups 柽柳（50%） + 紫穗槐（50%）；Tamarix chinensis (50%) + Amorpha fruticosa (50%) 
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