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洪涝诱发灾害干扰下受损恢复林地土壤颗粒的组成变化特征及多重分形分析

李松阳, 余杭, 罗清虎, 刘颖, 贺静雯, 林勇明, 王道杰, 李键

李松阳, 余杭, 罗清虎, 刘颖, 贺静雯, 林勇明, 王道杰, 李键. 洪涝诱发灾害干扰下受损恢复林地土壤颗粒的组成变化特征及多重分形分析[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2020, 42(8): 112-121. DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20190388
引用本文: 李松阳, 余杭, 罗清虎, 刘颖, 贺静雯, 林勇明, 王道杰, 李键. 洪涝诱发灾害干扰下受损恢复林地土壤颗粒的组成变化特征及多重分形分析[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2020, 42(8): 112-121. DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20190388
Li Songyang, Yu Hang, Luo Qinghu, Liu Ying, He Jingwen, Lin Yongming, Wang Daojie, Li Jian. Variation characteristics of soil particle composition and multifractal analysis of natural recovery forestland after damage under the disturbance of flood induced disasters[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2020, 42(8): 112-121. DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20190388
Citation: Li Songyang, Yu Hang, Luo Qinghu, Liu Ying, He Jingwen, Lin Yongming, Wang Daojie, Li Jian. Variation characteristics of soil particle composition and multifractal analysis of natural recovery forestland after damage under the disturbance of flood induced disasters[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2020, 42(8): 112-121. DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20190388

洪涝诱发灾害干扰下受损恢复林地土壤颗粒的组成变化特征及多重分形分析

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(41790434),中国科学院山地灾害与地表过程重点实验室开放研究基金资助项目(2019),福建农林大学杰出青年科研人才计划项目(xjq2017016)
详细信息
    作者简介:

    李松阳。主要研究方向:水土保持与荒漠化防治。Email:songyangli163@163.com 地址:350002 福建省福州市仓山区上下店路15号福建农林大学林学院

    责任作者:

    林勇明,博士,教授。主要研究方向:区域资源优化、生态学。Email:monkey1422@163.com 地址:同上

  • 中图分类号: S714.2

Variation characteristics of soil particle composition and multifractal analysis of natural recovery forestland after damage under the disturbance of flood induced disasters

  • 摘要:
      目的  土壤颗粒组成的分形维数可得到更细致的土壤颗粒分布信息,对准确了解洪涝诱发灾害干扰下受损林地恢复过程的土壤颗粒变化规律,加深灾害干扰前后林地自然恢复变化过程的认识等具有重要的理论意义。
      方法  采用以时间代空间的研究方法,选取次生阔叶林、杉木林、毛竹林3种林地,采集不同受损状态(未受损、刚受损、受损恢复7年)不同土层的土壤样品进行粒径分析,基于分形理论计算各项多重分形参数。
      结果  灾害干扰对林地的土壤颗粒分布存在显著影响;灾害干扰后不同恢复阶段、不同土层深度对3种林地均有影响,不同林地对干扰的响应存在差异。综合分析3种林地不同恢复状态的粒径组成和多重分形参数可知:与未受损林地比较,受损恢复林地的土壤质地较差。3种林地在不同受损状态下不同深度土壤颗粒组成的变化趋势不同。
      结论  本研究从土壤颗粒组成变化的角度阐明了洪涝诱发灾害对次生阔叶林、杉木林、毛竹林的影响,可为灾害干扰前后土壤侵蚀的防治和恢复提供理论依据。
    Abstract:
      Objective  Fractal dimension of soil particle composition can reflect soil particle distribution in detail. To accurately reveal the changing rules of forest soil particle during recovery process under the disturbance of disasters induced by flood, it is crucial to study the fractal dimensions in different damage stages of the forests.
      Method  Using the research method of substituting space with time, we chose three kinds of forest including secondary broadleaved forest, Chinese fir forest, and Moso bamboo forest in different damage states (undamaged, just damaged, recovered for 7 years after damage) as research sites. We collected soil samples of different soil layers and analyzed particle size, then the multifractal parameters were calculated based on fractal theory.
      Result  (1) Disaster interference had a significant impact on the distribution of soil particle in forestland. (2) After disaster interference, different recovery stages and different depth of soil affected all three kinds of woodlands, and the response of different woodlands to interference was different. (3) Through comprehensive analysis of particle size composition and multifractal parameters of three kinds of forestland under different restoration states, it can be seen that the soil texture of damaged forestland was worse than undamaged forestland. The variation trend of soil particle composition in different depth was different under varied damage conditions.
      Conclusion  In this study, the effects of flood induced disasters on secondary broadleaved forests, Chinese fir forests and Moso bamboo forest were clarified from the perspective of soil particle composition changes.
  • 美国白蛾(Hyphantria cunea)属于鳞翅目(Lepidortera)目夜蛾科(Erebidae),又名秋幕毛虫,原产于北美,是我国重大外来林业有害生物[1-2]。自1979年从朝鲜的新义州传入我国丹东,现已蔓延到我国13个省级、598个县级行政区[3-5]。美国白蛾幼虫危害树种多,取食量巨大,传播范围广,适应性和繁殖力极强,根据现有资料记载,其幼虫可取食49科108属的300余种植物[5-6]。给农林业造成了巨大损失,对我国的生态安全造成严重威胁[4]

    美国白蛾无论在原产地北美大陆,还是在新传入地区的天敌种类都很丰富,包括寄生性昆虫、鸟类、蜘蛛和多种捕食性昆虫等[7-9]。近年来,对寄生性天敌白蛾周氏啮小蜂 (Chouioia cunea)的研究和利用已经取得显著的成效,但关于美国白蛾其他天敌的基础研究相对较少,尤其是捕食性天敌的研究和利用[10-11]。蠋蝽(Arma chiensis)属半翅目(Hemiptera)蝽科(Pentatomidae),在我国分布广泛。其若虫和成虫均能捕食鳞翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目等多种害虫,特别对鳞翅目害虫有较强的捕食能力,是一种可以通过人工繁育加以利用的优良捕食性天敌[12-13]。王文亮等曾报道蠋蝽对美国白蛾具有较强的控制能力,是自然界中影响美国白蛾种群密度的重要因子[14]。根据现有研究,蠋蝽对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)、棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)、二化螟(Chilo suppressalis)、甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)、斜纹夜蛾(S. litura)、美国白蛾(Hyphantria cunea)、米蛾(Corcyra cephalonica)、马铃薯甲虫(Leptinotarsa decemlineata)、松毛虫(Dendrolimus spp.)、榆紫叶甲(Ambrostoma quadriim pressum)、双斑长跗萤叶甲(Monolepta hieroglyphica)等均可捕食[15-23]。目前蠋蝽对美国白蛾捕食能力的详细研究却鲜有报道。因此,本文开展了蠋蝽对美国白蛾的捕食行为特点、捕食功能反应以及林间套袋防治试验,阐明了蠋蝽对美国白蛾的捕食能力,为美国白蛾的生物防治提供新途径和新方法。

    小型无线摄像机(型号:KL-MN02)、养虫盒(16 cm × 11 cm × 5.5 cm)、培养皿(90 cm × 1.5 cm)和尼龙套袋(70 cm × 50 cm)。

    蠋蝽由吉林省林业科学研究院继代培养提供,美国白蛾种群采自辽宁省沈阳市苏家屯区。蠋蝽用黄粉虫蛹饲喂,每天向养虫盒内的棉球滴少量水以保持湿度,并清理蠋蝽的代谢物;美国白蛾用新鲜桑叶饲喂,每天更换1次。饲养条件:温度(24 ± 1)℃,相对湿度75% ± 5%。

    分别选取室内饲养的蠋蝽成虫以及5龄若虫各9头,试验前将其置于养虫盒内饥饿,24 h后将1头蠋蝽成虫或5龄若虫分别与美国白蛾3、4、5龄幼虫放置于培养皿内,同时在培养皿中放入少量桑叶,避免美国白蛾幼虫因饥饿等其他原因死亡。虫口密度均为5头/皿,每头蠋蝽捕食的全过程使用小型无线摄像机记录观察,每组处理3个重复。

    分别选取蠋蝽成虫和4、5龄若虫各80头,试验前将其置于养虫盒内饥饿,24 h后将1头蠋蝽成虫或4、5龄若虫分别与美国白蛾3、4、5龄幼虫放置于培养皿内,美国白蛾3龄、4龄幼虫的密度梯度设为2、4、6、8、10头/皿;5龄幼虫密度梯度为1、2、3、4、5头/皿,每组处理5个重复。观察蠋蝽成虫和若虫对美国白蛾不同虫龄幼虫的捕食行为,24 h后检查不同虫龄幼虫存活数量。

    分别选取室内饲养的蠋蝽成虫以及4、5龄若虫各5头,试验前将其置于养虫盒内饥饿,24 h后将1头蠋蝽成虫、4、5龄若虫分别接入装有白蛾3龄幼虫的尼龙套袋中,寄主为桑树,白蛾幼虫的虫口密度为30头/套袋,并用绳子扎紧袋口,防止蠋蝽或白蛾幼虫逃逸(如图1)。分别于试验第3天、第5天、第7天检查套袋中的美国白蛾幼虫活虫数量,每组处理5个重复。

    图  1  林间套袋试验
    Figure  1.  Bagging experiment in forest

    利用Excel 2017和SPSS 17.0软件对所有试验数据进行相关统计分析,差异显著性采用单因素方差分析法,多重比较采用Duncan’s新复极差法。根据HollingⅡ模型建立每组合的捕食功能反应模型,拟合HollingⅡ圆盘方程:

    Na=aNT/(1+aThN) (1)

    式中:Na为被捕食的猎物数量;a为瞬间攻击率;N为猎物密度;T为试验持续时间,在本试验中T = 24 h;Th为处置1头猎物时间[24-26]

    最后利用拟合HollingⅡ型功能反应模型所得参数,求得每组的搜寻效应:

    S=a/(1+aThN) (2)

    式中:S为搜寻效应;aThN同HollingⅡ型功能反应模型方程[25,27]

    蠋蝽取食美国白蛾幼虫表现为搜寻、刺探、等待和取食4种行为。搜寻:蠋蝽寻找美国白蛾幼虫位置和判断动向的过程,该过程中蠋蝽有将口针从腹面伸出的趋势,同时触角会进行摆动;刺探:蠋蝽尝试接触虫体并将口针中的毒液注入到美国白蛾幼虫体内,但幼虫在该过程中一般会扭动体躯挣脱口针;等待:蠋蝽在美国白蛾幼虫附近徘徊,在毒液发挥麻痹作用的同时也做好随时发起下一次攻击的准备;取食:当美国白蛾幼虫抵抗力减弱或丧失时,蠋蝽开始长时间刺吸的过程。以蠋蝽5龄若虫捕食美国白蛾3龄幼虫试验为例:将蠋蝽5龄若虫放入培养皿后,首先会在叶片上停留片刻,有些蠋蝽还会刺吸叶片汁液,伺机搜寻美国白蛾幼虫,持续时长为65 ~ 95 min;当蠋蝽与美国白蛾幼虫接触时,蠋蝽会用其触角进行触碰,并将其口针从腹面伸出,对幼虫进行4 ~ 6次刺探,刺探过程中美国白蛾幼虫可能会挣脱蠋蝽的刺吸,前几次为短时间连续刺探,刺探时间为5 ~ 15 s。蠋蝽的口针从美国白蛾幼虫的头部刺入的频率显著高于胸部和腹部(P = 0.001)(图23);随后蠋蝽5龄若虫会在其旁等待,口针呈完全水平伸出或保持与腹面成一定角度的状态,等到美国白蛾幼虫抵抗能力减弱或丧失时再开始长时间刺吸取食,该时间持续约4 ~ 8 min。在取食期间,蠋蝽的口针会多次从美国白蛾幼虫体内抽出再刺入,一旦受到其他美国白蛾幼虫触碰干扰,蠋蝽5龄若虫会保持口针刺入美国白蛾幼虫体内的状态,拖拽这条幼虫至无干扰处继续进行取食。蠋蝽5龄若虫完全取食(猎物彻底被吸干)1头3龄幼虫需要65 ~ 125 min,美国白蛾幼虫的虫龄越大,蠋蝽完全取食所需的时间就越长,取食后会剩下变黑、干瘪的幼虫虫体(图4)。

    图  2  蠋蝽对美国白蛾幼虫不同部位刺探次数比率
    Figure  2.  Ratio of piercing-sucking position during A. chinensis predating the larvae of H. cunea
    图  3  蠋蝽捕食美国白蛾
    A.蠋蝽成虫刺吸美国白蛾4龄幼虫头部;B.蠋蝽5龄若虫刺吸美国白蛾4龄幼虫头部;C.蠋蝽4龄若虫刺吸美国白蛾4龄幼虫头部;D.蠋蝽3龄若虫刺吸美国白蛾4龄幼虫头部 A, adult of A. chinensis attacking the head of 4th instar larvae of H. cunea; B, 5th instar nymph of A. chinensis attacking the head of 4th instar larvae of H. cunea; C, 4th instar nymph of A. chinensis attacking the head of 4th instar larvae of H. cunea; D, 3rd instar nymph of A. chinensis attacking the head of 4th instar larvae of H. cunea
    Figure  3.  A. chinensis prey on H. cunea larvae

    不同捕食组合在搜寻时长(P = 0.005)和取食时长(P = 0.002)上差异极显著,蠋蝽5龄若虫对美国白蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的搜寻时长分别为(67.33 ± 15.34) min、(44.33 ± 5.36) min、(37.67 ± 1.45) min,蠋蝽5龄若虫对美国白蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的取食时长分别为(80.00 ± 17.56) min、(122.33 ± 8.45) min、(180.00 ± 17.32) min;蠋蝽成虫对美国白蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的搜寻时长分别为(64.00 ± 18.52) min、(30.00 ± 5.77) min、(24.40 ± 3.86) min;蠋蝽成虫对美国白蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的取食时长分别为(61.33 ± 3.48) min、(86.66 ± 14.53) min、(140.40 ± 18.62) min(图5)。综上,在蠋蝽虫龄一定的情况下,搜寻时长会随着美国白蛾幼虫虫龄的增加而减少;取食时长会随着美国白蛾幼虫虫龄的增加而增加。

    图  4  蠋蝽刺吸美国白蛾3龄幼虫前后对比
    A ~ C分别为正常幼虫、幼虫未被完全吸干的死亡状态、幼虫被完全吸干的死亡状态。A−C represent CK, death state of larvae incompletely sucked out, death state of larvae completely sucked out, respectively.
    Figure  4.  Comparison of 3rd larvae of H. cunea before and after pierce-sucked by A. chinensis
    图  5  蠋蝽捕食白蛾幼虫的搜寻时长以及取食时长
    5N. 5龄若虫;3L、4L、5L分别为3龄、4龄和5龄幼虫;AD. 成虫。不同小写字母表示差异显著水平(P < 0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著水平(P < 0.01)。5N, 5th instar nymph; 3L, 4L and 5L mean 3rd instar, 4th instar and 5th instar larvae, respectively; AD, adult. Different lowercase letters indicate significant level of difference (P < 0.05), different uppercase letters indicate extremely significant level of difference (P < 0.01).
    Figure  5.  Searching and feeding time of A. chinensis predating the larvae of H. cunea

    根据拟合出的捕食功能反应方程,求出不同组合以及不同密度梯度下的理论捕食量,对理论值与实际值进行卡方(χ2)适合性检验,得出在相应自由度下χ2值为0.011 4 ~ 0.198 1,均小于χ20.05 = 9.49,说明理论值与实测值差异不显著,符合HollingⅡ模型,能够很好地反映天敌蠋蝽随美国白蛾密度变化而影响捕食量的情况。

    在蠋蝽虫龄一定时,瞬时攻击率与日最大捕食量随着美国白蛾幼虫虫龄的增加而降低,处理时间随着美国白蛾幼虫虫龄的增加而增加(如表1)。其中,蠋蝽成虫对美国白蛾3龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率最高(1.193),处理时间最短(0.119 d);当N→∞时,蠋蝽对美国白蛾3、4龄幼虫的理论日最大捕食量分别为8.406头和7.225头,对美国白蛾5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量为2.189头。蠋蝽5龄若虫对美国白蛾3龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率最高(1.017),处理时间最短(0.125 d);当N→∞时,蠋蝽对美国白蛾3龄幼虫的日最大捕食量最大(8.002头),5龄若虫与成虫的捕食量差距不大。蠋蝽4龄若虫对美国白蛾3龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率最高为1.099略高于蠋蝽5龄若虫对美国白蛾3龄幼虫的瞬间攻击率,表明4龄若虫相比于5龄若虫对于24 h的饥饿处理反应更明显,更急于捕食。蠋蝽4龄若虫对美国白蛾3龄幼虫的处理时间最短为0.159 d;当N→∞时,蠋蝽对美国白蛾3龄幼虫的日最大捕食量最大(6.279头),低于蠋蝽成虫与5龄若虫。综上,不同捕食组合的捕食量均随着培养皿内美国白蛾幼虫密度的增加呈上升趋势(图6~8),搜寻效应均随着培养皿内美国白蛾幼虫密度的增加呈下降趋势(图9~11)。

    表  1  蠋蝽对美国白蛾捕食功能反应模型拟合结果
    Table  1.  Fitting results of the functional response models of H. cunea by A. chinensis
    蠋蝽虫龄
    Instar of
    A. chinensis
    美国白蛾虫龄
    Instar of
    H. cunea
    捕食功能反应方程
    Predation function response
    equation
    瞬时攻击率
    Instantaneous
    attack rate (a
    处理时间
    Processing
    time (Th)/d
    日最大捕食量
    Max. daily
    predator capacity
    相关系数
    Correlation
    coefficient
    χ2
    成虫
    Adult
    3龄 3rd instar Na = 1.193N/(1 + 0.142N) 1.193 0.119 8.406 0.957 0.149 5
    4龄 4th instar Na = 0.903N/(1 + 0.125N) 0.903 0.138 7.225 0.949 0.123 7
    5龄 5th instar Na = 0.824N/(1 + 0.377N) 0.824 0.457 2.189 0.902 0.132 3
    5龄若虫
    5th instar nymph
    3龄 3rd instar Na = 1.017N/(1 + 0.127N) 1.017 0.125 8.002 0.942 0.198 1
    4龄 4th instar Na = 0.650N/(1 + 0.127N) 0.650 0.195 5.139 0.900 0.147 8
    5龄 5th instar Na = 0.553N/(1 + 0.391N) 0.553 0.707 1.414 0.981 0.011 4
    4龄若虫
    4th instar nymph
    3龄 3rd instar Na = 1.099N/(1 + 0.175N) 1.099 0.159 6.279 0.982 0.029 0
    4龄 4th instar Na = 0.841N/(1 + 0.211N) 0.841 0.250 4.001 0.962 0.058 7
    5龄 5th instar Na = 0.241N/(1 + 0.187N) 0.241 0.774 1.292 0.952 0.020 6
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    表  2  蠋蝽成虫以及若虫对美国白蛾3龄幼虫不同时期的捕食量
    Table  2.  Predation capacity of adult and nymph of A. chinensis against 3rd instar larvae of H. cunea in different periods
    组别
    Group
    3 d捕食量
    Predation
    capacity after
    3 days
    5 d捕食量
    Predation
    capacity after
    5 days
    7 d捕食量
    Predation
    capacity after
    7 days
    蠋蝽成虫
    Adult of
    A. chinensis
    1.40 ± 0.51aA 3.40 ± 0.40aA 6.60 ± 0.40aA
    蠋蝽5龄若虫
    5th instar nymph
    of A. chinensis
    1.40 ± 0.60aA 2.60 ± 0.50abAB 4.20 ± 0.58bA
    蠋蝽4龄若虫
    4th instar nymph
    of A. chinensis
    0.20 ± 0.20aA 1.40 ± 0.25bB 2.40 ± 0.25cB
    注:不同小写字母表示差异显著水平(P < 0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著水平(P < 0.01)。Notes: different lowercase letters indicate significant level of difference (P < 0.05), different uppercase letters indicate extremely significant level of difference (P < 0.01).
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    图  6  蠋蝽成虫对美国白蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的捕食功能反应
    Figure  6.  Functional response of adult of A. chinensis to 3rd, 4th, 5th instar larvae of H. cunea
    图  7  蠋蝽5龄若虫对美国白蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的捕食功能反应
    Figure  7.  Functional response of 5th instar nymph of A. chinensis to 3rd, 4th, 5th instar larvae of H. cunea
    图  8  蠋蝽4龄若虫对美国白蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的捕食功能反应
    Figure  8.  Functional response of 4th instar nymph of A. chinensis to 3rd, 4th, 5th instar larvae of H. cunea
    图  9  蠋蝽成虫对美国白蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的搜寻效应
    Figure  9.  Searching effect of adult of A. chinensis to 3rd, 4th, 5th instar larvae of H. cunea
    图  10  蠋蝽5龄若虫对美国白蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的搜寻效应
    Figure  10.  Searching effect of 5th instar nymph of A. chinensis to 3rd, 4th, 5th instar larvae of H. cunea
    图  11  蠋蝽4龄若虫对美国白蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的搜寻效应
    Figure  11.  Searching effect of 4th instar nymph of A. chinensis to 3rd, 4th, 5th instar larvae of H. cunea

    林间套袋试验结果显示(如表2),蠋蝽成虫以及若虫均可以在野外条件下捕食美国白蛾3龄幼虫,但捕食能力有差异;随着试验时间的增加,捕食量差异越大。3天蠋蝽成虫与5龄若虫对美国白蛾3龄幼虫的捕食量差异不显著,但均高于4龄若虫。蠋蝽林间套袋试验7天对美国白蛾3龄幼虫的捕食量:蠋蝽成虫 > 蠋蝽5龄若虫 > 蠋蝽4龄若虫。

    蠋蝽捕食美国白蛾幼虫主要分为搜寻、刺探、等待和取食4种行为,与唐艺婷等在蠋蝽对草地贪夜蛾捕食行为观察试验结果相似[28],与其他具有刺吸式口器的捕食性蝽相比捕食行为也类似,例如斑腹刺益蝽和黑刺益蝽[29-32]。蠋蝽成虫与若虫在捕食过程中,刺探次数显著不同。成虫刺探次数少,单次持续时间较长;若虫则刺探次数多,单次持续时间较短,可能与蠋蝽每次刺吸注射到白蛾幼虫体内的毒液含量以及浓度有关,具体机制有待进一步明确。此外蠋蝽的口针可以从美国白蛾幼虫体躯的多个位置刺入,不是仅选择猎物躯体上较为柔软的部位取食,反而从美国白蛾幼虫坚硬头壳部位刺入的次数明显高于胸部和腹部,推测是为了有利于迅速杀死幼虫,同时避免美国白蛾幼虫转头攻击,野外调查的过程中也多次发现该现象,具体原因需要深入地研究。

    蠋蝽成虫以及若虫捕食美国白蛾不同虫龄幼虫的功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型,与其他捕食蝽对猎物的捕食功能反应模型一致[19-20,33-34]。蠋蝽的捕食作用会受到美国白蛾幼虫密度的影响,其捕食量随着美国白蛾密度的增加而增加,搜寻效应随着美国白蛾密度的增加而降低。根据已有报道,蠋蝽成虫或高龄若虫捕食效果较好,例如:对马尾松毛虫、云南松毛虫、小菜蛾和双斑长跗萤叶甲等[19,21,23]。本研究蠋蝽成虫以及不同虫龄若虫对美国白蛾幼虫最大日捕食量顺序均为3龄幼虫 > 4龄幼虫 > 5龄幼虫,且蠋蝽成虫对美国白蛾3龄幼虫的日最大捕食量最大(8.406头),瞬间攻击率最高(1.193),5龄若虫的相关指标与成虫接近,结合林间防治试验的捕食效果蠋蝽成虫和5龄若虫可优先考虑应用于美国白蛾的防治。

    蠋蝽的捕食功能反应存在一定的复杂性,如本试验中捕食效果最好的是蠋蝽成虫,而在益蝽的研究中5龄若虫捕食效果好于成虫[35]。本研究蠋蝽4龄若虫对美国白蛾3、4龄幼虫的瞬间攻击率均高于5龄蠋蝽若虫,表明蠋蝽4龄若虫比5龄若虫更急于捕食,这与唐艺婷等在蠋蝽对小菜蛾的捕食作用中所得结论基本一致[19]

    蠋蝽在林间套袋试验条件下的捕食量低于室内试验的捕食量,可能是由于林间防治试验受到光照、温度、降水等诸多因素的影响。另外,美国白蛾幼虫的网幕也会加大蠋蝽捕食的难度,试验过程中观察到蠋蝽的口针可以穿过网幕捕食美国白蛾幼虫,但网幕对蠋蝽捕食量影响的程度仍需要进一步研究。本文只进行了蠋蝽对美国白蛾室内、外强迫性捕食试验,仍有许多问题需要深入研究。

  • 图  1   广义维数谱D(q)–q曲线

    D(q)表示广义分形维数,q为实数(−10 ≤ q ≤ 10)。CW.次生阔叶林未受损;CS.次生阔叶林刚受损;CH.次生阔叶林自然恢复;SW.杉木林未受损;SS.杉木林刚受损;SH.杉木林自然恢复;MW.毛竹林未受损;MS.毛竹林刚受损;MH.毛竹林自然恢复。D(q) means generalized fractal dimension, q is real number (−10 ≤ q ≤ 10). CW, undamaged secondary broadleaved forest; CS, just damaged secondary broadleaved forest; CH, naturally recovered secondary broadleaved forest; SW, undamaged Chinese fir forest; SS, just damaged Chinese fir forest; SH, naturally recovered Chinese fir forest; MW, undamaged Moso bamboo forest; MS, just damaged Moso bamboo forest; MH, naturally recovered Moso bamboo forest.

    Figure  1.   D(q)-q spectrum curves of generalized dimension spectra

    表  1   样地基本概况

    Table  1   Basic situation of sample plots

    林型
    Forest type
    林地状态
    Forestland condition
    经度
    Longitude
    纬度
    Latitude
    海拔
    Elevation/m
    坡向
    Slope aspect
    坡度
    Slope degree/(°)
    植被盖度
    Vegetation coverage/%
    次生阔叶林
    Secondary broadleaved forest
    未受损 Undamaged 118°08′31″E 26°41′42″N 188 NW 36 88
    刚受损 Just damaged 118°08′35″E 26°41′39″N 173 NE 40 20
    受损恢复
    Natural recovery after damage
    118°08′35″E 26°41′39″N 173 NE 40 60
    杉木林 Chinese fir forest 未受损 Undamaged 117°39′44″E 26°50′36″N 238 NE 34 72
    刚受损 Just damaged 117°39′45″E 26°50′33″N 226 NE 32 10
    受损恢复
    Natural recovery after damage
    117°39′45″E 26°50′33″N 226 NE 32 52
    毛竹林 Moso bamboo forest 未受损 Undamaged 118°15′05″E 26°39′16″N 365 NW 30 65
    刚受损 Just damaged 118°14′59″E 26°39′23″N 367 SE 43 3
    受损恢复
    Natural recovery after damage
    118°14′59″E 26°39′23″N 367 SE 43 35
    注:NW代表西北,NE代表东北,SE代表东南。Notes: NW represents northwest, NE represents northeast, SE represents southeast.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   土壤物理性质

    Table  2   Soil physical properties

    林型
    Forest type
    林地状态
    Forestland condition
    土壤密度
    Soil bulk density(ρ)/
    (g·cm− 3
    土壤含水量
    Soil moisture content(w)/%
    毛管持水量
    Capillary water holding capacity
    wc)/%
    毛管孔隙度
    Capillary porosity(r)/%
    非毛管孔隙度
    Non-capillary porosity(rn)/%
    次生阔叶林
    Secondary broadleaved forest
    未受损 Undamaged 1.02 ± 0.13 27.33 ± 0.03 40.04 ± 0.07 40.39 ± 5.64 18.44 ± 4.90
    刚受损 Just damaged 1.39 ± 0.09 18.11 ± 1.30 24.89 ± 2.04 33.96 ± 1.52 6.17 ± 2.14
    受损恢复
    Natural recovery after damage
    1.34 ± 0.14 22.66 ± 0.03 31.03 ± 0.05 41.06 ± 3.98 9.89 ± 4.64
    毛竹林 Moso bamboo forest 未受损 Undamaged 1.06 ± 0.20 25.50 ± 0.02 36.83 ± 0.05 38.22 ± 2.05 13.67 ± 4.93
    刚受损 Just damaged 1.09 ± 0.05 22.53 ± 0.82 31.27 ± 1.52 33.51 ± 2.63 17.33 ± 5.85
    受损恢复
    Natural recovery after damage
    1.33 ± 0.09 20.66 ± 0.02 27.85 ± 0.04 36.87 ± 3.43 5.50 ± 1.87
    杉木林 Chinese fir forest 未受损 Undamaged 1.26 ± 0.06 24.44 ± 0.01 33.82 ± 0.03 42.37 ± 2.46 7.34 ± 3.12
    刚受损 Just damaged 1.42 ± 0.08 18.33 ± 1.53 24.41 ± 2.82 34.74 ± 5.58 9.00 ± 3.52
    受损恢复
    Natural recovery after damage
    1.23 ± 0.11 23.89 ± 0.03 32.81 ± 0.06 39.82 ± 6.13 10.11 ± 3.92
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   恢复林地土壤粒径组成

    Table  3   Soil particle size composition of natural recovery forestland after damage

    林地
    Forestland
    状态
    Condition
    土层
    Soil layer/cm
    土壤颗粒体积分数 Volume fraction of soil particle/%
    黏粒
    Clay (< 2 μm)
    粉粒
    Silt (2 ~ 50 μm)
    砂粒
    Sand (50 ~ 2 000 μm)
    次生阔叶林
    Secondary broadleaved forest
    未受损 Undamaged 0 ~ 5 7.69 ± 0.67Aa 45.44 ± 2.10Aab 47.61 ± 2.44Aa
    5 ~ 10 9.38 ± 0.55Aa 50.01 ± 1.39Aa 42.82 ± 1.77Ab
    10 ~ 20 8.65 ± 0.36Aa 52.33 ± 2.01Aa 43.52 ± 1.60Ab
    均值 Mean 8.58 ± 0.37 49.26 ± 1.38 44.32 ± 1.28
    刚受损 Just damaged 0 ~ 5 6.53 ± 0.20Aa 38.57 ± 3.03Ab 55.48 ± 3.51Ab
    5 ~ 10 6.42 ± 0.40Ab 36.11 ± 2.37Ab 59.42 ± 1.77Aa
    10 ~ 20 6.24 ± 0.10Ab 33.98 ± 1.94Ab 62.16 ± 2.94Aa
    均值 Mean 6.34 ± 0.06 35.14 ± 1.20 60.21 ± 1.39
    受损恢复
    Natural recovery after damage
    0 ~ 5 6.67 ± 0.46Ab 55.36 ± 3.01Aa 37.97 ± 2.60Ab
    5 ~ 10 7.28 ± 0.72Aa 52.36 ± 1.88Aa 40.36 ± 1.95Aa
    10 ~ 20 5.91 ± 1.11Aa 50.29 ± 4.53Aa 43.79 ± 5.60Aa
    均值 Mean 6.62 ± 0.45 52.67 ± 1.82 40.71 ± 2.05
    杉木林
    Chinese fir forest
    未受损 Undamaged 0 ~ 5 11.06 ± 1.17Aa 48.48 ± 3.27Aa 43.23 ± 3.19Aa
    5 ~ 10 10.10 ± 1.41Aa 51.58 ± 3.51Aa 40.59 ± 5.08Aa
    10 ~ 20 10.82 ± 1.06Aa 50.52 ± 1.05Aa 39.75 ± 1.87Aa
    均值 Mean 10.66 ± 0.63 50.20 ± 1.49 41.19 ± 1.89
    刚受损 Just damaged 0 ~ 5 8.14 ± 1.17Ab 35.56 ± 1.46Aa 58.97 ± 1.56Ab
    5 ~ 10 8.14 ± 0.91Ab 37.45 ± 1.47Aa 56.90 ± 1.08Ab
    10 ~ 20 9.27 ± 0.64Aa 35.12 ± 1.29Ab 58.70 ± 1.36Ab
    均值 Mean 8.52 ± 0.45 36.04 ± 0.80 57.48 ± 0.98
    受损恢复
    Natural recovery after damage
    0 ~ 5 11.52 ± 0.51Aa 52.00 ± 0.88Aa 38.37 ± 0.36Aa
    5 ~ 10 12.07 ± 0.42Aa 54.76 ± 2.05Aa 35.90 ± 1.94Aa
    10 ~ 20 11.99 ± 0.48Aab 54.11 ± 1.08Ab 36.37 ± 0.42Aa
    均值 Mean 11.86 ± 0.25 53.62 ± 0.83 36.88 ± 0.69
    毛竹林
    Moso bamboo forest
    未受损 Undamaged 0 ~ 5 9.33 ± 0.85Aa 41.26 ± 3.83Aa 51.14 ± 3.83Aa
    5 ~ 10 9.99 ± 1.49Aa 41.22 ± 4.68Aab 50.58 ± 6.14Aa
    10 ~ 20 11.51 ± 0.15Aa 48.93 ± 1.74Aa 40.69 ± 1.55Aa
    均值 Mean 10.28 ± 0.59 43.80 ± 2.22 47.47 ± 2.73
    刚受损 Just damaged 0 ~ 5 8.12 ± 0.42Aab 34.90 ± 0.65Ab 59.31 ± 1.00Aa
    5 ~ 10 8.53 ± 0.87Aa 35.70 ± 1.23Ab 57.90 ± 1.67Ab
    10 ~ 20 9.01 ± 0.84Aa 35.06 ± 1.62Ab 58.50 ± 2.46Aa
    均值 Mean 8.55 ± 0.41 35.22 ± 0.67 58.57 ± 0.99
    受损恢复
    Natural recovery after damage
    0 ~ 5 10.00 ± 0.40Aa 54.80 ± 0.70Aa 37.38 ± 0.66Ab
    5 ~ 10 11.62 ± 1.34Aa 53.88 ± 0.58Ab 36.64 ± 1.13Ac
    10 ~ 20 10.72 ± 1.47Aa 53.30 ± 1.49Ab 39.99 ± 2.50Aa
    均值 Mean 10.78 ± 0.63 53.99 ± 0.55 38.01 ± 0.96
    注:同一列大写字母表示同一土层不同林地间差异显著(P < 0.05),同一列小写字母表示同一林地不同土层间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Notes: different capital letters in the same column indicate significant differences between different forestlands of the same depth of soil(P < 0.05); different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences between varied depth of soil in the same forestland (P < 0.05).
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4   恢复林地土壤样品多重分形参数

    Table  4   Multifractal parameters of soil samples from natural recovery forestland

    林地
    Forestland
    状态
    Condition
    土层
    Soil layer/cm
    D0D1D2D1/D0D0D2
    次生阔叶林
    Secondary broadleaved forest
    未受损
    Undamaged
    0 ~ 5 1.025 ± 0.000 0.909 ± 0.016 0.882 ± 0.022 0.886 ± 0.158 0.143 ± 0.023
    5 ~ 10 1.025 ± 0.000 0.879 ± 0.005 0.832 ± 0.012 0.857 ± 0.004 0.193 ± 0.012
    10 ~ 20 1.025 ± 0.000 0.887 ± 0.006 0.852 ± 0.014 0.865 ± 0.006 0.173 ± 0.014
    均值 Mean 1.025 ± 0.000 0.891 ± 0.007 0.856 ± 0.011 0.870 ± 0.007 0.170 ± 0.011
    刚受损
    Just damaged
    0 ~ 5 1.025 ± 0.000 0.867 ± 0.012 0.776 ± 0.017 0.868 ± 0.012 0.223 ± 0.017
    5 ~ 10 1.025 ± 0.000 0.872 ± 0.014 0.782 ± 0.019 0.876 ± 0.015 0.214 ± 0.020
    10 ~ 20 1.024 ± 0.001 0.867 ± 0.020 0.767 ± 0.028 0.869 ± 0.021 0.230 ± 0.029
    均值 Mean 1.025 ± 0.000 0.869 ± 0.008 0.775 ± 0.012 0.871 ± 0.010 0.222 ± 0.013
    受损恢复
    Natural recovery after damage
    0 ~ 5 1.025 ± 0.000 0.902 ± 0.014 0.886 ± 0.019 0.880 ± 0.013 0.139 ± 0.019
    5 ~ 10 1.025 ± 0.000 0.900 ± 0.023 0.881 ± 0.037 0.878 ± 0.023 0.144 ± 0.037
    10 ~ 20 1.025 ± 0.001 0.905 ± 0.009 0.884 ± 0.023 0.884 ± 0.009 0.141 ± 0.022
    均值 Mean 1.025 ± 0.000 0.902 ± 0.014 0.884 ± 0.024 0.880 ± 0.014 0.141 ± 0.024
    杉木林
    Chinese fir forest
    未受损
    Undamaged
    0 ~ 5 1.025 ± 0.000 0.879 ± 0.005 0.832 ± 0.012 0.857 ± 0.004 0.193 ± 0.012
    5 ~ 10 1.024 ± 0.001 0.884 ± 0.015 0.844 ± 0.025 0.864 ± 0.014 0.180 ± 0.024
    10 ~ 20 1.025 ± 0.001 0.889 ± 0.010 0.851 ± 0.016 0.868 ± 0.009 0.174 ± 0.015
    均值 Mean 1.025 ± 0.000 0.890 ± 0.007 0.852 ± 0.009 0.869 ± 0.006 0.173 ± 0.009
    刚受损
    Just damaged
    0 ~ 5 1.025 ± 0.000 0.850 ± 0.015 0.750 ± 0.026 0.830 ± 0.037 0.274 ± 0026
    5 ~ 10 1.024 ± 0.001 0.845 ± 0.014 0.736 ± 0.025 0.825 ± 0.035 0.288 ± 0.025
    10 ~ 20 1.025 ± 0.000 0.845 ± 0.020 0.744 ± 0.033 0.826 ± 0.049 0.282 ± 0.033
    均值 Mean 1.025 ± 0.000 0.847 ± 0.009 0.743 ± 0.015 0.827 ± 0.038 0.281 ± 0.016
    受损恢复
    Natural recovery after damage
    0 ~ 5 1.025 ± 0.000 0.900 ± 0.014 0.881 ± 0.021 0.884 ± 0.008 0.144 ± 0.021
    5 ~ 10 1.025 ± 0.000 0.897 ± 0.010 0.865 ± 0.015 0.875 ± 0.016 0.159 ± 0.015
    10 ~ 20 1.024 ± 0.001 0.906 ± 0.006 0.874 ± 0.016 0.884 ± 0.011 0.150 ± 0.016
    均值 Mean 1.025 ± 0.000 0.903 ± 0.004 0.875 ± 0.008 0.881 ± 0.004 0.150 ± 0.007
    毛竹林
    Moso bamboo forest
    未受损
    Undamaged
    0 ~ 5 1.025 ± 0.003 0.896 ± 0.015 0.837 ± 0.024 0.874 ± 0.024 0.188 ± 0.024
    5 ~ 10 1.025 ± 0.000 0.913 ± 0.011 0.870 ± 0.014 0.891 ± 0.019 0.156 ± 0.014
    10 ~ 20 1.024 ± 0.001 0.887 ± 0.006 0.832 ± 0.134 0.866 ± 0.010 0.192 ± 0.013
    均值 Mean 1.025 ± 0.000 0.899 ± 0.007 0.846 ± 0.017 0.877 ± 0.019 0.178 ± 0.011
    刚受损
    Just damaged
    0 ~ 5 1.024 ± 0.006 0.878 ± 0.013 0.795 ± 0.023 0.857 ± 0.030 0.229 ± 0.022
    5 ~ 10 1.024 ± 0.001 0.876 ± 0.010 0.789 ± 0.020 0.855 ± 0.024 0.236 ± 0.019
    10 ~ 20 1.023 ± 0.001 0.859 ± 0.014 0.755 ± 0.026 0.840 ± 0.032 0.268 ± 0.025
    均值 Mean 1.024 ± 0.005 0.871 ± 0.007 0.780 ± 0.013 0.851 ± 0.028 0.244 ± 0.013
    受损恢复
    Natural recovery after damage
    0 ~ 5 1.025 ± 0.003 0.896 ± 0.007 0.877 ± 0.009 0.875 ± 0.011 0.148 ± 0.008
    5 ~ 10 1.024 ± 0.001 0.906 ± 0.011 0.881 ± 0.015 0.884 ± 0.019 0.143 ± 0.015
    10 ~ 20 1.024 ± 0.001 0.899 ± 0.007 0.867 ± 0.017 0.878 ± 0.010 0.157 ± 0.016
    均值 Mean 1.024 ± 0.000 0.900 ± 0.005 0.875 ± 0.007 0.879 ± 0.013 0.149 ± 0.007
    注:D0为容量维数,D1为信息维数,D2为相关维数,D1/D0反映土壤粒径分布非均匀程度和土壤物理性质,D0D2反映土壤中粗颗粒含量的多少。Notes: D0, capacity dimension; D1, information dimension; D2, correlation dimension; D1/D0 reflects the degree of uneven distribution of soil particle size and physical properties, D0D2 reflects the amount of soil coarse particles.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5   土壤多重分形参数与土壤质地的相关性分析

    Table  5   Pearson correlation analysis between soil multifractal parameters and soil texture

    项目 Item黏粒 Clay粉粒 Silt砂粒 SandD0D1D2D0 / D1D0D2
    黏粒 Clay 1
    粉粒 Silt 0.441** 1
    砂粒 Sand − 0.582** − 0.976** 1
    D0 − 0.077 0.022 − 0.035 1
    D1 0.162 0.349** − 0.322** 0.107 1
    D2 0.270** 0.590** − 0.567** 0.197* 0.944** 1
    D0/D1 0.165 0.350** − 0.321** 0.074 0.999** 0.940** 1
    D0D2 − 0.263** − 0.600** 0.573** − 0.190* − 0.934** − 0.995** − 0.931** 1
    注:* 在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关,** 在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关。Notes: * means significantly correlated at the 0.05 level (two-tailed), ** means significantly correlated at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2019-10-10
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