沙漠红枣栽培关键技术研究

张有林; 陈文红; 刘统民; 张润光; 吕学艺; 王长成; 张彦昶; 邹亚平

doi:10.12171/j.1000-1522.20200023

沙漠红枣栽培关键技术研究

1.
陕西师范大学食品工程与营养科学学院，陕西西安 710119
2.
陕西省定边县林草工作站，陕西定边 718699

基金项目: 中央财政林业科技推广示范项目（SLTG[2017]15），2018年榆林市科技计划项目

详细信息

作者简介:
张有林，教授，博士生导师。主要研究方向：果树学。Email：youlinzh@snnu.edu.cn　地址：710119陕西省西安市长安区西长安街620号陕西师范大学食品工程与营养科学学院

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-01-13
- 修回日期: 2020-04-14
- 网络出版日期: 2020-11-03
- 发布日期: 2020-12-13

Study on key techniques of desert jujube cultivation

1.
College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
2.
Forest and Grass Workstation, Dingbian 718699, Shaanxi, China

摘要

摘要:
目的我国沙漠广袤，阳光充足，昼夜温差大，气候干燥，沙粒漏肥漏水严重。在沙漠栽植经济林木，成活率低，生长缓慢，经济、生态效益低下。枣树耐干旱，喜光照，研究沙漠枣树栽培技术，使沙漠建设枣园成为可能，提高沙漠红枣产量及质量，以期获得更高的经济效益。
方法本文以陕西榆林毛乌素沙漠和新疆喀什塔克拉玛干沙漠为实验基地，采用观察法和对比试验法研究了沙漠枣的物候期、适宜品种、适宜树形、施肥灌溉、配方换土、生态作用、设施栽培、水肥一体化等内容。
结果在沙漠种植枣树的栽植穴换土，以体积比为优质土∶农家肥 = 7∶3的比例搅拌制得，每栽植穴更换配方土0.08 m³。采用行距3.0 m、株距1.0 m栽植，密度适宜，且便于机械化作业。每年施基肥农家肥1次，施肥量30 m³/hm²，追施化肥2次，每次磷酸二铵300 kg/hm²、尿素120 kg/hm²，混合开沟施入或水肥一体化施入，用尿素0.4%、磷酸二氢钾0.3%、硫酸锌0.3%、硼砂0.5%、硫酸亚铁0.3%配制成混合液喷洒叶面2次，每年分别于4月初、5月中旬、6月下旬、8月初、12月初滴灌5次。栽培品种鲜食枣以秦宝冬枣、冬枣2号、早脆王、伏蜜脆为好，制干枣以骏枣、灰枣为好，鲜食枣的经济效益高于制干枣。树冠以纺锤形、开心形、小冠疏层形等小冠形为好。沙漠红枣采用水肥一体化和塑料大棚设施栽培，比露地栽培能提高产量3.2倍，提高经济效益6.5倍。
结论本研究依据沙漠气候特点和枣树生长发育特性，攻克了沙漠红枣栽培土肥水三大技术难关，达到了沙漠红枣高产、优质、高效和防风固沙、保护生态的作用，实现了经济生态双赢利。
- 沙漠 /
- 红枣 /
- 栽培
Abstract:
Objective The deserts of our country are vast and plentiful in sunshine, large in temperature difference between day and night, and dry in climate. Since sand has the characteristics of leaking fertilizer and water, planting economic forest trees in the desert has a low survival rate, slow growth, and low economic and ecological benefits. Jujube is a drought-resistant and light-loving economic fruit tree species. Therefore, researching the cultivation technology of desert jujube trees and solving the soil-fertilizer-water problems in desert orchards will make it possible to build jujube orchards in the desert, and achieve high yield and quality to obtain high economic benefits.
Method In our work, the Maowusu Desert in Yulin, Shaanxi Province and the Taklimakan Desert in Kashi, Xinjiang of northwestern China were used as experimental bases. Observation and comparative experiments were used to study the phenophase of desert jujube, formula soil replacement, fertilization and irrigation, suitable varieties, facility cultivation, suitable tree shape, water and fertilizer integration, and ecological effects.
Result When planting jujube trees in the desert, the soil in the planting holes need to be replaced with formula soil. The formula soil was prepared by mixing high-quality soil and farm manure at a volume ratio of 7∶3, and the soil in each planting hole was replaced with 0.08 m³ formula soil. When row spacing of 3.0 m and plant spacing of 1.0 m were used for planting, the density of jujube trees was suitable and convenient for mechanized operation. Basic fertilizer (farmyard manure) was applied once a year, the fertilizer amount was 30 m³/ha, and the additional fertilizer (300 kg/ha each time of diammonium phosphate, 120 kg/ha each time of urea) was applied twice, which was applied through mixed ditching or integration of water and fertilizer. Foliar spraying fertilizer (mixture of fertilizers: 0.4% urea, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.3% zinc sulfate, 0.5% borax, 0.3% ferrous sulfate) twice a year, and drip irrigation 5 times a year. Among the cultivated varieties of fresh jujube, Qinbaodongzao, Dongzao No.2, Zaocuiwang and Fumicui were better. For dried jujube, Junzao and Huizao were better. The economic benefits of fresh jujube were higher than that of dried jujube. The crown of jujube trees was preferably a small crown, such as spindle-shaped, heart-shape, and a small crown sparse layer-shaped. If water and fertilizer integration and plastic greenhouse facilities could be used for the cultivation of desert jujube, the yield and economic benefit will be increased by 3.2 times and 6.5 times compared with open field cultivation.
Conclusion Based on the desert climatic conditions and the growth and development characteristics of jujube trees, this study overcomed the three technical difficulties of soil, fertilizer and water in the cultivation of jujube in the desert, and achieved high yield, high quality and high efficiency of desert jujube. Furthermore, desert jujube can also play the role of wind-preventing and sand-fixing, protect the ecology, and achieve economic and ecological double profit.
- desert /
- jujube /
- cultivation

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图 1 榆林沙漠红枣对风速的降低率

行距3.0 m，株距1.0 m, 冠径1.0 m × 1.0 m，树高2.0 ~ 2.2 m。Row spacing: 3.0 m, plant spacing: 1.0 m, crown diameter: 1.0 m × 1.0 m, tree height: 2.0−2.2 m.

Figure 1. Effects of Yulin desert jujube on reduction rate of wind speed

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表 1 沙漠红枣栽植穴换土对枣树栽植成活率的影响

Table 1 Effects of soil replacement in desert jujube planting hole on survival rate of jujube planting %

处理 Treatment	栽植天数 Planting day
处理 Treatment	30	60	90	120
种植穴不换土 Do not change soil in planting hole	55 ± 8.3b	46 ± 5.4b	35 ± 2.8b	28 ± 1.9b
种植穴换土 Change soil in planting hole	98 ± 7.5a	94 ± 6.2a	91 ± 3.2a	91 ± 3.2a
注：栽植枣树为1年生骏枣品种，每栽植穴更换当地优质土壤0.08 m³，本表为0.667 hm²调查结果。表中纵列不同小写字母表示纵向比较差异显著(P < 0.05)。下同。Notes: the planted jujube tree is one-year-old ‘Junzao’ variety, and each planting hole is filled with 0.08 m³ of local high quality soil. This table shows the statistical results of 0.667 ha desert jujube. Different lowercase letters in the column indicate significant differences in longitudinal comparison (P < 0.05). The same below.

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表 2 栽植穴换土对沙漠红枣生长量、结果情况的影响

Table 2 Effects of replacing soil in planting hole on desert jujube growth and results

项目 Item	栽植1年 Planting for 1 year			栽植2年 Planting for 2 years			栽植3年 Planting for 3 years
项目 Item	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)
种植穴不换土 Do not change soil in planting hole	0.50 ± 0.04b	0.90 ± 0.12b	0b	0.80 ± 0.17b	2.10 ± 0.32b	0.35 ± 0.01b	1.50 ± 0.18b	4.80 ± 0.52b	0.68 ± 0.09b
种植穴换土 Change soil in planting hole	1.20 ± 0.06a	3.10 ± 0.26a	0.18 ± 0.02a	2.30 ± 0.29a	9.80 ± 0.66a	1.56 ± 0.13a	3.40 ± 0.36a	15.60 ± 1.85a	3.83 ± 0.22a
注：栽植枣树为骏枣品种，树高、枝条生长总量为随机10株树调查平均值。下同。Notes: the variety of jujube planted is Junzao. Tree height, total growth of branches are the average values of 10 random jujube trees. The same below.

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表 3 栽植穴换土量对沙漠红枣生长量、结果情况的影响

Table 3 Effects of replacing soil volume in planting holes on the growth and fruit yield of desert jujube

换土量/ (m³·穴⁻¹) Amount of soil replaced/ (m³·hole⁻¹)	栽植1年 Planting for 1 year			栽植2年 Planting for 2 years			栽植3年 Planting for 3 years
换土量/ (m³·穴⁻¹) Amount of soil replaced/ (m³·hole⁻¹)	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)
0	0.50 ± 0.06d	0.90 ± 0.10d	0.0d	0.80 ± 0.06d	2.10 ± 0.14e	0.35 ± 0.04e	1.50 ± 0.10e	4.80 ± 0.40f	0.68 ± 0.05e
0.02	0.68 ± 0.07c	1.25 ± 0.09c	0.0d	0.90 ± 0.07cd	3.40 ± 0.40d	0.66 ± 0.06d	1.80 ± 0.13d	6.20 ± 0.54e	1.28 ± 0.11d
0.04	0.91 ± 0.01b	2.34 ± 0.20b	0.11 ± 0.01c	1.20 ± 0.09bc	5.50 ± 0.60c	0.84 ± 0.09c	2.30 ± 0.26c	9.50 ± 1.00d	1.59 ± 0.15c
0.06	0.95 ± 0.13b	2.50 ± 0.21b	0.13 ± 0.01b	1.50 ± 0.13b	6.80 ± 0.40b	1.31 ± 0.10b	2.70 ± 0.21b	11.90 ± 1.10c	3.23 ± 0.29b
0.08	1.20 ± 0.06a	3.10 ± 0.26a	0.18 ± 0.02a	2.30 ± 0.29a	9.80 ± 0.66a	1.56 ± 0.13a	3.40 ± 0.36a	15.60 ± 1.85b	3.83 ± 0.22a
0.10	1.25 ± 0.09a	3.35 ± 0.25a	0.19 ± 0.01a	2.40 ± 0.20a	10.20 ± 1.00a	1.64 ± 0.13a	3.50 ± 0.36a	16.40 ± 1.40a	4.02 ± 0.35a

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表 4 配方换土对沙漠红枣生长量、结果情况的影响

Table 4 Effects of formula soil replacement on growth and fruit yield of desert jujube

土肥配方(体积比，优质土∶农家肥) Soil and fertilizer formula (volume ratio, high quality soil∶ farmyard manure)	栽植1年 Planting for 1 year			栽植2年 Planting for 2 years			栽植3年 Planting for 3 years
	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)
10∶0	1.20 ± 0.06c	3.10 ± 0.26d	0.18 ± 0.02d	2.30 ± 0.29d	9.80 ± 0.66d	1.56 ± 0.13c	3.40 ± 0.36c	15.60 ± 1.85d	3.83 ± 0.22d
9∶1	1.28 ± 0.10bc	3.45 ± 0.29c	0.98 ± 0.09c	2.40 ± 0.19c	11.60 ± 1.00c	3.09 ± 0.29b	3.50 ± 0.32c	15.90 ± 1.50d	4.68 ± 0.42c
8∶2	1.33 ± 0.11b	4.01 ± 0.34b	1.08 ± 0.11b	2.60 ± 0.23b	12.40 ± 1.10b	3.23 ± 0.30b	3.80 ± 0.31b	16.80 ± 1.40c	4.85 ± 0.45b
7∶3	1.48 ± 0.14a	4.56 ± 0.40a	1.26 ± 0.11a	2.80 ± 0.26a	13.50 ± 1.00a	4.02 ± 0.32a	4.20 ± 0.34a	18.80 ± 1.70b	5.34 ± 0.51a
6∶4	1.52 ± 0.13a	4.59 ± 0.42a	1.25 ± 0.12a	2.90 ± 0.25a	13.60 ± 1.40a	4.05 ± 0.42a	4.20 ± 0.38a	19.10 ± 1.60a	5.22 ± 0.48a
5∶5	1.55 ± 0.12a	4.62 ± 0.44a	1.29 ± 0.12a	2.90 ± 0.27a	13.80 ± 1.20a	3.90 ± 0.33a	4.30 ± 0.40a	19.50 ± 1.80a	5.25 ± 0.47a

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表 5 沙漠红枣栽植密度对产量、机械化作业情况的影响

Table 5 Effects of planting density of jujube trees on fruit yield and mechanization in desert jujube

株行距(株距 × 行距) Plant row spacing (plant spacing × row spacing)	结果量/(t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/(t·ha⁻¹)			机械作业 Mechanized work
	栽植2年 Planting for 2 years	栽植3年 Planting for 3 years	栽植4年 Planting for 4 years	机械作业 Mechanized work
1.0 m × 2.0 m	4.20 ± 0.39a	5.78 ± 0.51a	5.91 ± 0.54b	操作不方便 Inconvenient operation
1.0 m× 3.0 m	4.26 ± 0.30a	5.63 ± 0.47a	6.12 ± 0.57a	操作方便 Easy to operate
1.0 m× 4.0 m	3.78 ± 0.32b	4.62 ± 0.42b	5.61 ± 0.49c	操作方便 Easy to operate

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表 6 基肥农家肥施入量对沙漠红枣生长量、结果情况的影响

Table 6 Effects of the amount of base fertilizer (farmyard manure) applied on the growth and fruit yield of desert jujube

农家肥施入量/(m³·hm⁻²) Farmyard manure application/(m³·ha⁻¹)	栽植2年 Planting for 2 years			栽植3年 Planting for 3 years
农家肥施入量/(m³·hm⁻²) Farmyard manure application/(m³·ha⁻¹)	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/(t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/(t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)
15.0	2.10 ± 0.20c	9.30 ± 0.70d	2.79 ± 0.24d	2.80 ± 0.26d	13.60 ± 1.2d	4.29 ± 0.44c
22.5	2.30 ± 0.19b	10.50 ± 0.63c	3.36 ± 0.30c	3.20 ± 0.29c	14.90 ± 1.2c	4.62 ± 0.45b
30.0	2.80 ± 0.26a	13.50 ± 1.00a	4.02 ± 0.32b	4.20 ± 0.34b	18.80 ± 1.7b	5.34 ± 0.51a
37.5	2.70± 0.23a	12.40 ± 1.30b	4.13 ± 0.36a	4.40 ± 0.41a	18.90 ± 1.8b	5.42 ± 0.48a
45.0	2.70 ± 0.22a	13.70 ± 1.10a	4.16 ± 0.39a	4.50 ± 0.40a	19.60 ± 1.7a	5.18 ± 0.47a

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表 7 化肥追肥次数对沙漠红枣生长量、结果情况的影响

Table 7 Effects of time number of additional fertilizer application on growth and fruit yield of desert jujube

追施化肥次数 Time number of additional fertilizer application	栽植2年 Planting for 2 years			栽植3年 Planting for 3 years
追施化肥次数 Time number of additional fertilizer application	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/(t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/(t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)
0	2.10 ± 0.11c	10.10 ± 1.20d	3.27 ± 0.33c	3.00 ± 0.28c	13.50 ± 1.20c	3.98 ± 0.38c
1	2.30 ± 0.12b	10.80 ± 1.30c	3.51 ± 0.36b	3.60 ± 0.30b	16.50 ± 1.80b	4.65 ± 0.45b
2	2.80 ± 0.26a	13.50 ± 1.00b	4.02 ± 0.32a	4.20 ± 0.34a	18.80 ± 1.70a	5.34 ± 0.51a
3	2.80 ± 0.22a	14.20 ± 1.20a	4.07 ± 0.39a	4.30 ± 0.31a	19.10 ± 1.70a	5.25 ± 0.49a
注：栽植枣树为骏枣品种。1次追肥时间为6月1日，2次追肥时间为6月1日、8月1日，3次追肥时间为6月1日、7月1 日、8月1日。Notes: the variety of jujube planted is Junzao. The 1 time additional fertilization date is June 1st, the two time additional fertilization dates are June 1st and August 1st, the three time additional fertilization dates are June 1st, July 1st and August 1st.

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表 8 叶面喷施化肥次数对沙漠红枣生长量、结果情况的影响

Table 8 Effects of spraying fertilizer time number on the surface of jujube leaves on the growth and fruit yield of desert jujube

叶面喷肥次数 Time number of spraying fertilizer on the surface of jujube leaf	栽植2年 Planting for 2 years			栽植3年 Planting for 3 years
	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/(t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/(t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)
0	1.90 ± 0.15c	8.10 ± 0.60c	2.94 ± 0.32c	2.80 ± 0.24d	12.50 ± 1.10c	3.30 ± 0.27c
1	2.10 ± 0.17b	9.50 ± 0.83b	3.06 ± 0.29b	3.30 ± 0.30c	15.50 ± 1.20b	4.20 ± 0.35b
2	2.80 ± 0.26a	13.50 ± 1.00a	4.02 ± 0.32a	4.20 ± 0.34b	18.80 ± 1.70a	5.34 ± 0.51a
3	2.90 ± 0.23a	13.80 ± 1.20a	4.10 ± 0.35a	4.50 ± 0.37a	19.00 ± 1.60a	5.25 ± 0.47a
注：栽植枣树为骏枣品种。1次喷施时间为7月15日，2次喷施时间为6月15日、7月15日，3次喷施时间为6月15日、7月15日、8月15日。Notes: the variety of jujube planted is Junzao. The 1 time additional fertilization date is July 15, the two time additional fertilization dates are June 15 and July 15. The three time additional fertilization dates are June 15, July 15 and August 15.

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表 9 灌溉次数对沙漠红枣生长量、结果情况的影响

Table 9 Effects of irrigation time on the growth and fruit yield of desert jujube

每年灌溉次数 Annual irrigation time	栽植2年 Planting for 2 years			栽植3年 Planting for 3 years
每年灌溉次数 Annual irrigation time	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/(t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/(t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)
2	1.70 ± 0.15c	8.20 ± 0.70c	1.80 ± 0.20c	2.10 ± 0.18b	13.50 ± 1.10c	2.48 ± 0.21d
3	2.00 ± 0.17b	9.60 ± 0.80b	2.78 ± 0.24b	2.60 ± 0.21b	16.50 ± 1.40b	4.20 ± 0.38c
5	2.80 ± 0.26a	13.50 ± 1.00a	4.02 ± 0.32a	4.20 ± 0.34a	18.80 ± 1.70a	5.34 ± 0.51a
7	2.80 ± 0.29a	13.90 ± 1.20a	4.07 ± 0.38a	4.50 ± 0.40a	19.10 ± 1.60a	4.82 ± 0.45b

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表 10 沙地红枣不同栽培品种对比试验

Table 10 Comparative experiment of different desert jujube cultivars

品种 Variety		结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	质量 Quality		抗性(抗病虫) Resistance (resistance to pest)	经济效益/ (10⁴元·hm⁻²) Economic benefit/ (10⁴CNY·ha⁻¹)
品种 Variety		结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	可溶性固形物含量 Soluble solid content/%	口感 Taste	抗性(抗病虫) Resistance (resistance to pest)	经济效益/ (10⁴元·hm⁻²) Economic benefit/ (10⁴CNY·ha⁻¹)
鲜食品种 Fresh jujube variety	冬枣2号 Z. jujuba cv. Dongzao No.2	23.10 ± 1.88b	26.5 ± 2.1b	6	优 Excellent	54.30
	秦宝冬枣 Z. jujuba cv. Qinbaodongzao	24.30 ± 2.07a	27.4 ± 2.3a	7	优 Excellent	70.05
	早脆王 Z. jujuba cv. Zaocuiwang	22.95 ± 2.13b	26.3 ± 2.4b	5	良 Good	53.85
	伏蜜脆 Z. jujuba cv. Fumicui	24.60 ± 2.27a	27.2 ± 2.6a	3	良 Good	46.05
	灵武长枣 Z. jujuba cv. Lingwuchangzao	19.65 ± 1.80c	23.6 ± 2.1d	1	良 Good	21.98
	蜂蜜罐 Z. jujuba cv. Fengmiguan	12.75 ± 1.44e	25.1 ± 2.4c	2	较差 Bad	16.88
	七月鲜 Z. jujuba cv. Qiyuexian	13.80 ± 1.26d	25.6 ± 2.0c	2	差 Very bad	18.60
干制品种 Dry jujube variety	骏枣 Z. jujuba cv. Junzao	18.45 ± 1.65a	25.5 ± 2.1c	3	良 Good	21.90
	灰枣 Z. jujuba cv. Huizao	17.25 ± 1.62b	26.4 ± 2.0a	4	优 Excellent	36.75
	金昌1号 Z. jujuba cv. Jinchang No.1	15.60 ± 1.46c	26.1 ± 2.6a	2	良 Good	31.80
	相枣 Z. jujuba cv. Xiangzao	12.75 ± 1.32d	25.4 ± 2.3b	1	较差 Bad	16.88
注：可溶性固形物含量由果面2/3红枣测得随机10个枣果的平均值。Note: the soluble solid content is the average value of 10 random jujube fruits measured by 2/3 red surface jujube.

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表 11 沙地红枣不同树形结果量对比试验　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　t/hm²

Table 11 Comparative experiment on fruit yield of jujube trees with different tree shapes in desert t/ha

品种 Variety		纺锤形 Spindle shape	开心形 Heart-shape	小冠疏层形 Small crown sparse layer-shape	扇形 Fan-shape	疏散分层形 Scattered and layered shape
鲜食品种 Fresh jujube variety	冬枣2号 Z. jujuba cv. Dongzao No.2	23.10 ± 1.88a	22.80 ± 1.77a	23.03 ± 2.04a	18.45 ± 1.53b	16.80 ± 1.47c
	秦宝冬枣Z. jujuba. cv. Qinbaodongzao	24.30 ± 2.07a	23.70 ± 1.97b	24.15 ± 2.28a	20.25 ± 1.65c	16.20 ± 1.26d
	早脆王 Z. jujuba cv. Zaocuiwang	22.95 ± 2.13a	21.90 ± 1.98b	22.65 ± 2.06a	18.90 ± 1.71c	16.65 ± 1.53d
	伏蜜脆Z. jujuba cv. Fumicui	24.60 ± 2.27a	24.75 ± 2.16a	24.60 ± 2.43a	20.55 ± 1.73b	19.65 ± 1.82c
	灵武长枣 Z. jujuba cv. Lingwuchangzao	19.65 ± 1.80a	18.90 ± 1.79b	19.35 ± 1.61a	15.30 ± 1.46c	14.70 ± 1.28d
	蜂蜜罐Z. jujuba cv. Fengmiguan	12.75 ± 1.44a	11.70 ± 0.98b	12.30 ± 1.26a	8.10 ± 0.65c	7.80 ± 0.66c
	七月鲜 Z. jujuba cv. Qiyuexian	13.80 ± 1.26a	12.75 ± 1.08c	13.20 ± 0.09b	9.30 ± 0.95d	7.95 ± 0.77e
干制品种 Dry jujube variety	骏枣Z. jujuba cv. Junzao	18.45 ± 1.65a	18.00 ± 1.62ab	17.70 ± 1.67b	14.70 ± 1.52c	11.85 ± 0.98d
	灰枣Z. jujuba cv. Huizao	17.25 ± 1.62a	15.90 ± 1.47b	16.95 ± 1.65a	12.90 ± 1.08c	11.85 ± 0.96d
	金昌1号Z. jujuba cv. Jinchang No.1	15.60 ± 1.46a	14.70 ± 1.28b	14.85 ± 1.14b	12.30 ± 1.09c	12.45 ± 1.04c
	相枣Z. jujuba cv. Xiangzao	12.75 ± 1.32a	11.70 ± 1.04c	12.15 ± 1.08b	10.80 ± 0.95d	10.35 ± 0.81e
注：表中数据为5年生枣园，数据均为鲜枣测得。表中同行不同小写字母表示横向比较差异显著(P < 0.05)。Notes: the table shows the statistics of 5-year-old jujube trees, and the data are measured from fresh jujube fruit. Different lowercase letters in the horizontal rows indicate significant differences in lateral comparison (P < 0.05).

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表 12 沙漠红枣水肥一体化对枣树生长量、结果情况的影响

Table 12 Effects of water and fertilizer integration on growth and fruit yield of desert jujube

追肥方式 Additional fertilization method	栽植1年 Planting for 1 year			栽植2年 Planting for 2 years			栽植3年 Planting for 3 years
追肥方式 Additional fertilization method	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	树高 Tree height/m	枝条总生长量 Total growth of branch/m	结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)
普通追肥 Ordinary additional fertilization	1.14 ± 0.14b	4.56 ± 0.40b	1.26 ± 0.11b	2.80 ± 0.26b	13.50 ± 1.00b	4.02 ± 0.32b	4.20 ± 0.34a	18.80 ± 1.70b	5.34 ± 0.51b
水肥一体化 Water and fertilizer integration	1.70 ± 0.15a	5.58 ± 0.47a	1.46 ± 0.13a	3.10 ± 0.29a	15.40 ± 1.40a	4.26 ± 0.36a	4.40 ± 0.37a	19.60 ± 1.60a	5.63 ± 0.48a
注：栽植枣树为骏枣品种，露地栽培。普通追肥为6月1日、8月1日，每年2次开沟施入。水肥一体化在灌溉开花水(5月中下旬)、保果水(8月初)时施入。表中纵列不同小写字母表示纵向比较差异显著(P < 0.05)。Notes: the variety of jujube planted is Junzao, which is cultivated in open field. Ordinary additional fertilization is carried out twice a year and applied by ditching on June 1st and August 1st, respectively. Water and fertilizer integration are applied during the irrigation in mid late May and early August. Different lowercase letters in the column indicate significant differences in longitudinal comparison (P < 0.05).

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表 13 沙漠红枣设施栽培效益分析

Table 13 Cultivation benefit analysis of desert jujube facility

栽培模式 Cultivation mode	栽植2年 Planting for 2 years			栽植3年 Planting for 3 years			栽植4年 Planting for 4 years
栽培模式 Cultivation mode	结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	裂果率 Fruit cracking rate/%	经济效益/ (10⁴ 元·hm⁻²) Economic benefit/ (10⁴ CNY·ha⁻¹)	结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	裂果率 Fruit cracking rate/%	经济效益/ (10⁴ 元·hm⁻²) Economic benefit/ (10⁴ CNY·ha⁻¹)	结果量/ (t·hm⁻²) Fruit yield/ (t·ha⁻¹)	裂果率 Fruit cracking rate/%	经济效益/ (10⁴ 元·hm⁻²) Economic benefit/ (10⁴ CNY·ha⁻¹)
沙漠露地栽培 Open field cultivation in the desert	1.26	15.0	1.89	4.02	17.0	6.03	5.34	16.2	8.01
沙漠设施栽培 Facility cultivation in the desert	1.80	3.0	5.40	6.75	3.5	20.25	17.25	3.6	51.75
注：供试品种为冬枣2号，采用水肥一体化栽培。露地枣结果迟，单价按15元/kg计，设施枣提前2个月上市，单价按30元/kg计。Notes: the test variety is Dongzao No. 2. Water and fertilizer integration is applied. The jujube cultivated in open field grows fruit later and the unit price is calculated at 15 CNY/kg. The jujube cultivated in the desert facility can be listed two months in advance, and the unit price is calculated at 30 CNY/kg.

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