Effects of different heating times and humus particle sizes on vertical combustion of forest underground fire based on simulated spot burning
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摘要:目的 森林地下火是一种缓慢、无焰、持续时间长的阴燃，对森林危害极大。大兴安岭地区是我国森林地下火频发区域，研究不同加热时间和腐殖质粒径对地下火垂直燃烧的影响，旨在为该地区森林地下火的预防、监测、扑救提供参考。方法 以大兴安岭地区典型林型兴安落叶松林为研究对象，根据室内控制模拟点烧实验数据，使用SPSS进行双因素方差分析，Origin软件绘图，研究3种加热时间和5种腐殖质粒径对地下火垂直燃烧过程中蔓延速度和不同深度最高温度的影响。结果 森林地下火垂直燃烧过程中，深度3 cm处燃烧最高温度只受加热时间的影响且差异显著（P < 0.05），而腐殖质粒径对其的影响则差异不显著（P > 0.05）；深度6 cm处的燃烧最高温度分别受加热时间（P < 0.05）和腐殖质粒径（P < 0.05）的影响；当深度大于6 cm后燃烧的最高温度则只受腐殖质粒径的影响并且差异显著（P < 0.05）。森林地下火垂直燃烧过程中的蔓延速度则只受腐殖质粒径的影响，不同腐殖质粒径之间的蔓延速度存在显著差异（P < 0.05）。结论 森林地下火垂直燃烧3和6 cm处的最高温度随着加热时间的增加而升高，加热2 h时的燃烧温度最高；垂直燃烧深度9～21 cm时，腐殖质粒径40目的燃烧温度最高；不同腐殖质粒径对森林地下火垂直燃烧蔓延速度的影响中，腐殖质粒径20目的蔓延速度是最快的；腐殖质粒径60目时，是地下火燃烧过程中的临界，燃烧的最高温度和蔓延速度都较低。Abstract:Objective The combustion of underground fire is a slow, flameless, long duration smoldering, which does great harm to forest. Daxing’anling region is a frequent area of forest underground fire in northeastern China. This paper aims to study the effects of different heating times and humus particle sizes on the vertical combustion of underground fires, aiming to provide a reference for the prevention, monitoring and suppression of underground fires in the area.Method Taking the typical forest type in the Daxing’an Mountains, i.e. Larix gmelinii forest as the research object, according to the indoor control simulation of scorching experiment data, SPSS was used to perform two-factor analysis of variance, and the Origin software was used to draw. The effects of three heating times and five humus particle sizes on the spreading speed and the highest temperature at different depths during the vertical combustion of underground fire were studied.Result During the vertical burning process of the forest underground fire, the temperature of the highest burning at a depth of 3 cm was only affected by the heating time and the difference was significant (P < 0.05), but the effects of humus particle size on the difference were not significant (P > 0.05). The highest temperature of combustion at a depth of 6 cm was affected by the heating time (P < 0.05) and the particle size of humus (P < 0.05). When the depth was greater than 6 cm, the maximum combustion temperature was only affected by the humus particle size and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The spread rate during the vertical combustion of forest underground fires was only affected by the humus particle size. There were significant differences between the spreading speeds (P < 0.05).Conclusion The highest temperature of underground forest fires burning at 3 cm and 6 cm depth rises with the increase of heating time, and the burning temperature is the highest when heated for 2 h. When the vertical combustion depth is 9−21 cm, the humus particle size is 40 mesh, the burning temperature is the highest. Among the effects of humus particle size on the spread speed of forest underground fires, the spread speed of humus particle size 20 mesh is the fastest; when the humus particle size is 60 mesh, it is the criticality in the process of underground fire combustion. The highest combustion temperature and spread speed are lower.
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图 1 不同加热时间和腐殖质粒径下地下火垂直燃烧不同深度最高温度的多重比较
各图数据条上相同的字母表明二者之间差异不显著（P > 0.05）。下同。 Same letters on the data bars of each figure proves that difference between the two is not significant (P > 0.05). The same below.
Figure 1. Multiple comparisons of the highest temperature of vertical combustion of underground fires at different heating times and humus particle sizes
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图 2 不同腐殖质粒径下地下火垂直燃烧蔓延速度的多重比较
Figure 2. Multiple comparison of vertical combustion spreading velocity of underground fire under different humus particle sizes
表 1 样地基本信息
Table 1 Basic information of sample plots
样地
Sample plot经纬度
Longitude and latitude海拔
Altitude/m郁闭度
Canopy density林龄/a
Forest age/year腐殖质层厚度
Humus thickness/cm样地1 Sample plot 1 50°18′23″N 124°05′27″E 392.9 0.8 27 31 样地2 Sample plot 2 50°17′56″N 124°05′17″E 407.2 0.7 30 34 样地3 Sample plot 3 50°17′50″N 124°53′56″E 422.6 0.8 27 36 
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表 2 不同加热时间和腐殖质粒径对不同深度最高温度影响的方差检验
Table 2 Variance test of the effects of different heating times and humus particle sizes on thehighest temperature at different depths
距离 Distance 指标 Index F P D1 腐殖质粒径 Humus particle size 1.855 0.171 加热时间 Heating time 22.984 0.000 腐殖质粒径 × 加热时间 Humus particle size × heating time 0.535 0.813 D2 腐殖质粒径 Humus particle size 3.896 0.023 加热时间 Heating time 6.950 0.007 腐殖质粒径 × 加热时间 Humus particle size × heating time 0.292 0.958 D3 腐殖质粒径 Humus particle size 4.846 0.010 加热时间 Heating time 3.402 0.060 腐殖质粒径 × 加热时间 Humus particle size × heating time 0.490 0.845 D4 腐殖质粒径 Humus particle size 4.109 0.019 加热时间 Heating time 1.720 0.213 腐殖质粒径 × 加热时间 Humus particle size × heating time 0.523 0.821 D5 腐殖质粒径 Humus particle size 4.895 0.010 加热时间 Heating time 1.136 0.347 腐殖质粒径 × 加热时间 Humus particle size × heating time 0.379 0.915 D6 腐殖质粒径 Humus particle size 4.665 0.012 加热时间 Heating time 0.759 0.486 腐殖质粒径 × 加热时间 Humus particle size × heating time 0.326 0.943 D7 腐殖质粒径 Humus particle size 5.355 0.007 加热时间 Heating time 0.615 0.554 腐殖质粒径 × 加热时间 Humus particle size × heating time 0.430 0.885 注：D1 ~ D7表示地下火垂直燃烧深度，分别为3、6、9、12、15、18、21 cm。下同。Notes: D1−D7 indicate the vertical combustion depth of underground fire, which are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 cm. The same below.
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表 3 不同加热时间和腐殖质粒径对蔓延速度影响的方差检验
Table 3 Variance test of the impact of different heating times and particle sizes on spreading rate
指标 Index F P 腐殖质粒径 Humus particle size 7.624 0.001 加热时间 Heating time 2.300 0.134 腐殖质粒径 × 加热时间
Humus particle size × heating time0.835 0.586
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