Site selection methods of country park with priority of habitat protection in the second green isolated area of Beijing
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摘要:
目的 在中国快速城镇化背景下，北京市边缘地区的生态环境不断恶化，绿化隔离带成为控制北京市建成区无序扩张、改善城市生态环境的手段，在绿化隔离带范围内建设郊野公园是落实规划的有效途径。郊野公园的核心目标是在生态保育的同时提供少量的游憩活动，因此对于绿化隔离带范围内生境质量高的区域进行保护应作为郊野公园选址的基础原则。 方法 本文在总结国内外学者相关研究的基础上，以北京市第二道绿化隔离地区为例，构建生境保护优先的郊野公园选址框架，利用InVEST评价模型对研究区域的生境质量进行评价，根据生境质量指数将生境划分为低生境、一般生境、中生境、高生境、极重要生境5个等级。以模型评价结果中极重要生境地区作为郊野公园选址的基础原则选取生境保护优先的备选区范围，叠加周边公园资源、已建和拟建郊野公园、土地利用规划、基本农田保护规划、城市道路网可达性和土地利用现状6个外部建设条件和内部开发条件的指标因子选出适宜建设的区域，再根据植被覆盖类型的空间数据划定所选区域内的生境斑块群类型，最终完成研究区域内生境保护优先型郊野公园的选址和分类。 结果 不同类型的生境空间分布呈现一定差异性，根据不同生境划定混交林、灌丛、阔叶林或针叶林、农田、农田与纯林以及滨水6种类型的郊野公园，在通州区碱厂村、昌平区史家桥村、房山区梨村等村镇划定共41处以生境保护优先的郊野公园用地范围。 结论 以生境保护优先的郊野公园选址方法具有明显的空间定量化优势，其评价结果可以为北京市第二道绿化隔离地区的郊野公园选址提供科学依据。 -
关键词:
- 风景园林 /
- 郊野公园选址 /
- 生境保护优先 /
- 北京市第二道绿化隔离带
Abstract:Objective Under the background of China’s rapid urbanization, the ecological environment in Beijing urban fringe areas is deteriorating. The green belt has become a means to control the disordered expansion of Beijing’s built-up areas and improve the urban ecological environment. The construction of country parks within the green belt is an effective way to implement the plan. The core goal of country parks is to provide a small amount of recreational activities with ecological conservation. It should be the basic principle to protect the area with high habitat quality within the green belts. Method On the basis of summarizing the relevant research of scholars at home and abroad, taking the second green belt area of Beijing as an example, this paper constructs a framework of country park site selection with priority of habitat protection, and uses the InVEST model to evaluate the habitat quality of research area. According to the habitat quality index, the habitat was divided into five grades: low habitat, general habitat, medium habitat, high habitat and extremely important habitat. Taking the most important habitat areas as the basic principle of country park site selection in the model evaluation results, the scope of priority alternative areas for habitat protection was selected, and the suitable construction area was selected by adding six external construction conditions and internal development conditions, including surrounding park resources, the built and proposed country parks, land use planning, basic farmland planning, road accessibility and current land use, and then according to the vegetation coverage type. Finally, the site selection and classification of country parks with priority of habitat protection were completed. Result According to different habitats, six types of country parks were defined: mixed forest, farmland, river, broadleaved forest or coniferous forest and shrub. A total of 41 rural parks with priority of habitat protection were demarcated in Jianchang Village of Tongzhou District, Shijiaqiao Village of Changping District, Li Village of Fangshan District and other villages and towns. Conclusion The evaluation results can provide a scientific basis for the location of country parks in the second green isolation area of Beijing. -
图 5 以生境保护优先的郊野公园选址结果
Figure 5. Site selection results of country park with priority of habitat protection
表 1 威胁源的影响范围及权重
Table 1. Influencing scope and weight of threating source
威胁因子
Threating factor最大影响距离
Maximum influencing distance/km权重
Weight衰退线性相关性
Regression linear correlation耕地 Farmland 0.50 0.50 0.00 道路 Road 1.50 0.50 1.00 铁路 Railway 0.50 0.50 1.00 居民点 Residential area 1.00 0.70 0.00 工业用地 Industrial land 1.00 1.00 0.00 
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表 2 生境对威胁源的敏感度
Table 2. Sensitivity of habitat type to threating source
地类
Land type自然属性
Natural property耕地
Farmland道路
Road铁路
Railway居民点
Residential area工业用地
Industrial land阔叶林 Broadleaved forest 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.55 0.70 针叶林 Coniferous forest 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.55 0.70 混交林 Mixed forest 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.55 0.70 水域 Water area 1.00 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.75 0.90 采伐迹地 Clear-cutting forestland 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 辅助生产林地 Auxiliary production forestland 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 苗圃地 Nursery garden 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 疏林地 Open woodland 0.00 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.50 未成林造林地 Forestland with immature forest 0.00 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.50 其他灌木林地 Other shrub land 0.90 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.55 0.70 注：自然属性指对应地类固有的敏感度。Note: natural property refers to the inherent sensitivity of corresponding land class.
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表 3 生境保护优先的郊野公园选址评价指标
Table 3. Evaluation index of country park site selection with priority of habitat protection
指标类别
Indicator category指标因子
Index factor选取依据
Selection basis数据来源/计算方法
Data source or calculation method生境质量
Habitat quality生境质量指数
Habitat quality index生境退化程度评价现状栖息地质量
Assessment of habitat degradation degree and current habitat qualityInVEST模型评估的生境质量空间矢量数据
Spatial vector data of habitat quality assessed by invest model外部建设条件
External construction condition周边公园资源
Surrounding park resource避免与周边已经或拟建的其他公园距离较近
Avoid being close to other parks having been or will be built around政府部门信息绘制的空间分布矢量数据
Spatial distribution vector data drawn by government information城市道路网可达性
Accessibility of urban road network依据道路网密度评价郊野公园可开发条件
Evaluation of exploitable conditions of country parks based on road network densityArcGIS分析城市过境交通线路公交站1 km和
2 km覆盖范围的空间矢量数据
ArcGIS analysis of spatial vector data of 1 km and 2 km coverage of urban transit bus stops已建和拟建郊野公园
Built and planned country park避免选址于城市已建和规划拟建的郊野公园
Avoid site selection in the country parks built or planned in the city政府部门信息绘制的空间分布矢量数据
Spatial distribution vector data drawn by government information基本农田保护规划
Protection planning of basic farmland依据城市基本农田保护规划分析郊野公园可建设区域
According to the protection planning of urban basic farmland, the construction area of country park is analyzed基本农田规划的空间矢量数据
Spatial vector data of basic farmland planning内部开发条件
Internal development condition现状用地情况
Current land use condition依据城市现状分析郊野公园可建设区域
Analysis of construction area of country park based on the current situation of cityGoogle Earth解译的现状用地空间矢量数据
Current land use spatial vector data interpreted by Google Earth用地规划
Land use plan依据上位规划用地类型(水体、农田、林地、建设用地)分析郊野公园可建设区域
According to the upper planning land type (water, farmland, woodland, construction land), the construction area of country park is analyzed城市用地规划的空间矢量数据
Spatial vector data of urban land use planning植被覆盖类型
Vegetation cover type主导群落类型
Dominant community type依据群落类型(混交林、阔叶林、针叶林、灌丛、农田)提供的植物物种丰富度
Plant species richness based on community type (mixed forest, broadleaved forest, coniferous forest, shrub, farmland)遥感数据解译的植被类型空间矢量数据
Spatial vector data of vegetation type interpreted from remote sensing data
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表 4 北京市二道绿隔地区各等级生境质量比例
Table 4. Percentage of each habitat level in the second green isolated area of Beijing
生境等级
Habitat level面积
Area/km2占比
Proportion/%低生境 Low level habitat 1 029 38.1 一般生境 General level habitat 454 16.8 中生境 Medium level habitat 110 4.1 高生境 High level habitat 987 36.6 极重要生境 Extremely important habitat 116 4.3
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表 5 生境斑块群的分类及规划建议
Table 5. Classification and planning suggestions of habitat patch groups
生境类型
Habitat type生境斑块面积/hm2
Habitat patch area/ha规划建议
Planning proposal超大型山地混交林生境
Habitat of super large mountain mixed forest150 ~ 300 核心保护、适度游憩
Core protection, moderate recreation大型农田生境
Large scale farmland habitat50 ~ 150 破碎整合、统筹利用
Fragmentation, integration and overall utilization中型河流生境
Medium river habitat20 ~ 50 连接廊道、沿岸拓宽
Connecting corridor and coastal widening小型针叶林或阔叶林生境
Small-scale coniferous or broadleaved forest habitat10 ~ 20 内部控制、边缘开发
Internal control, edge development微型灌丛生境
Micro shrub habitat0 ~ 10 增补乔木、提升结构
Adding arbor and upgrading structure
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