结合大斑啄木鸟生境适宜性的林分空间结构优化

盛琪; 董灵波; 刘兆刚

doi:10.12171/j.1000-1522.20200141

结合大斑啄木鸟生境适宜性的林分空间结构优化

盛琪^1,,
董灵波^{1, 2},
刘兆刚^{1, 2, ,}

1.
东北林业大学林学院，森林生态系统可持续经营教育部重点实验室，黑龙江哈尔滨 150040
2.
黑龙江省森林资源高效培育技术研发团队，黑龙江哈尔滨 150040

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2017YFC0504103），黑龙江省森林可持续经营试验示范区建设项目（201522-2）

详细信息

作者简介:
盛琪。主要研究方向：森林可续经营。Email：599540072@qq.com　地址：150040 黑龙江省哈尔滨市和兴路26号东北林业大学林学院

责任作者:
刘兆刚，博士，教授。主要研究方向：森林可续经营。Email：lzg19700602@163.com　地址：同上

中图分类号: S759.94；S750
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-05-10
- 修回日期: 2020-06-27
- 网络出版日期: 2021-03-09
- 发布日期: 2021-05-26

Stand spatial structure optimization combined with habitat suitability of great spotted woodpecker

Sheng Qi^1,,
Dong Lingbo^{1, 2},
Liu Zhaogang^{1, 2, ,}

1.
School of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management of Ministry ofEducation, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
2.
Technology Development Team for High-Efficient Silviculture of Forest Resources ofHeilongjiang Province, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China

摘要

摘要:
目的优化林分空间结构，提高现有林分质量的同时更好地保护野生动物栖息地，为帽儿山地区的森林经营提供理论依据。
方法本文以帽儿山林场为研究对象，根据全混交度、角尺度、竞争指数、林层指数4个空间结构指标和生境适宜性指数，采用乘除法思想构建林分空间优化模型。生境适宜性指数以大斑啄木鸟为例根据2016年帽儿山林场森林资源二类调查数据进行计算。利用R语言进行林分优化模拟，比较不同采伐强度下林分结构和生境适宜性指数的变化，分析将生境适宜性指数融入到优化模型中的可行性。
结果通过对比不同采伐强度（10%、20%、30%）下各指标和目标函数值（Q）的变化，确定最优采伐强度为20%。最优采伐强度下Q值的最大值为73.28，平均值为49.59，郁闭度为0.62，林分结构平均状态达到最佳,采伐木主要集中于林木密集区域共计采伐133株；林分空间结构优化后林分全混交度和林层指数提高，竞争指数减小，角尺度介于[0.475，0.517]之间，由聚集分布状态调整为随机分布状态；并且生境适宜性指数由0.52提高到0.57属于较适宜区域。
结论表明本次优化模拟将生境适宜性指数融入到林分空间优化模型中，在优化林分结构和提高林分质量的基础上，一定程度上提高了生境适宜性指数；为空间结构优化调整和保护帽儿山野生动物的生存环境提供科学依据。
- 林分结构 /
- 生境适宜性指数 /
- 优化模拟
Abstract:
Objective This paper aims to optimize the spatial structure of stand, improve the quality of existing forests and protect the habitat of wild animals, so as to provide a theoretical basis for forest management in Maoershan Mountain of northeastern China.
Method Taking Maoershan Mountain Forest Farm as the study area, according to the four spatial structure indices of complete mingling, uniform angle index, competition index, stand layer index and habitat suitability index, a comprehensive spatial structure model was constructed by the idea of multiplication and division. The habitat suitability index was calculated based on the 2016 survey data of the Maoershan Mountain. Taking the great spotted woodpecker as an example, we used the R to compile the stand optimization simulation, compared the changes of stand structure and habitat suitability index under the different thinning intensities, and analyzed the feasibility of integrating the habitat suitability index into the optimization model.
Result Compared the changes of each index and optimization function Q-value under different tending intensities (10%, 20% and 30%, respectively), the optimal tending intensity was 20%, the maximum Q-value was 73.28, the average Q-value was 49.59, the canopy density was 0.62 and the cutting trees were mainly located in dense forest areas with a total of 133 trees. After stand optimization, the complete mingling and stand layer index increased, the competition index decreased, the uniform angle index ranged in [0.475, 0.517], which was in a randomly distributed state; and the habitat suitability index increased to 0.57.
Conclusion It shows that this optimization simulation optimizes the spatial structure of the stand while improves the habitat suitability index. The conclusion of this study can provide a scientific basis for optimization of the spatial structure and protection for the living environment of wild animals.
- stand structure /
- habitat suitability index /
- optimization simulation

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图 1 帽儿山林场大斑啄木鸟生境适宜性等级分布

Figure 1. Grade distribution of habitat suitability of Dendrocopos major in Maoershan Mountain

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 各采伐强度下最优模拟采伐木位置

红色为采伐木的位置。The red part represents the location of cutting trees.

Figure 2. Optimal simulated location of cutting trees under different thinning intensities

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 优化前后林分径阶分布

空心圆和实心圆分别代表优化前后径阶分布，三角形代表采伐木径阶分布。The open circle represents the optimized diameter class distribution, and the solid circle represents the optimized diameter class distribution, and the triangles represent the distribution of diameter steps of felled trees.

Figure 3. Distribution of diameter grade before and after optimization

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 样地内林木基本信息

Table 1 Basic information of trees in the sample plots

树种 Tree species	平均胸径 Average DBH/cm	平均树高 Average tree height/m	株数 Tree number	全混交度 Complete mingling	角尺度 Uniform angle	竞争指数 Competition index	林层指数 Stand layer index
色木槭 Acer mono	12.98	10.65	151	0.63	0.54	3.71	0.60
白牛槭 Acer mandshuricum	10.93	9.44	137	0.56	0.54	3.64	0.61
榆树 Ulmus pumila	13.55	10.51	135	0.59	0.54	4.98	0.57
椴树 Tilia tuan	22.83	14.28	88	0.60	0.53	6.22	0.64
胡桃楸 Juglans mandshurica	39.53	19.09	68	0.56	0.55	4.66	0.63
水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica	30.97	18.42	46	0.61	0.51	4.39	0.72
青楷槭 Acer tegmentosum	10.57	8.50	43	0.54	0.52	4.12	0.59
其他 Others	17.63	11.74	145	0.61	0.54	4.01	0.61

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 大斑啄木鸟生境评价因子等级及类型划分标准

Table 2 Habitat quality evaluation factor grading and standard of great spotted woodpecker

评价因子 Evaluation factor	类型划分等级 Classification and grading			来源文献 Source literature	权重 Weight
评价因子 Evaluation factor	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	来源文献 Source literature	权重 Weight
林分类型 Stand type	阔叶林 Broadleaved forest	针阔混交林 Coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest	针叶林 Coniferous forest	[13, 18-19, 27]	0.15
林分平均年龄 Stand average age	近、成熟林 Near-mature and mature forest	过熟林 Overmature forest	中、幼龄林 Young and middle aged forest	[15, 27-28]	0.13
平均胸径 Average DBH/cm	30 ~ 35	20 ~ 30	< 20, > 35	[13, 16, 20, 24-26]	0.23
枯立木比例 Dead tree proportion	0 ~ 0.03	0.03 ~ 0.09	≥ 0.09, 0	[11, 28-29]	0.18
水源与栖息地距离 Distance to water/m	≤ 200	200 ~ 600	≥ 600	[13, 15-16]	0.15
道路与栖息地距离 Distance to road/m	≥ 400	50 ~ 400	< 50	[11, 16, 30]	0.16

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 采伐强度模拟结果

Table 3 Simulation results of thinning intensity

样地号 Sample plot No.	采伐强度 Thinning intensity/%	目标函数值 Objective function value (Q)			郁闭度 Canopy density
样地号 Sample plot No.	采伐强度 Thinning intensity/%	平均值 Mean value	最大值 Max. value	最小值 Min. value	郁闭度 Canopy density
RK01	10	44.02	59.02	34.42	0.64
	20	49.59	73.28	31.06	0.62
	30	57.75	96.83	34.65	0.57

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 不同采伐强度模拟指数变化

Table 4 Variations in simulation indexes under different thinning intensities

采伐强度 Thinning intensity/%	q值 q value	全混交度 Complete mingling	角尺度 Uniform angle	竞争指数 Competition index	林层指数 Stand layer index	生境适宜性指数 Habitat suitability index	目标函数值 Objective function value
10	1.34	0.60	0.52	3.78	0.63	0.55	59.02
20	1.35	0.61	0.51	3.36	0.64	0.57	73.28
30	1.32	0.62	0.50	3.08	0.63	0.57	96.83
注：q值为相邻径阶株数之比。下同。Notes: q value is the ratio of the number of adjacent diameter class. The same below.

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表 5 优化前后各指数变化

Table 5 Changes of indexes before and after optimization

指数 Index	优化前 Before optimization	优化后 After optimization	变化趋势 Changing trend	变化幅度 Changing range/%
径阶数 Diameter order (D)	15	15	不变 Constant	0
树种数 Tree species number (N)	16	16	不变 Constant	0
q值 q value	1.20	1.35	增加 Increase	2.27
全混交度 Complete mingling (M)	0.59	0.61	增加 Increase	3.38
角尺度 Uniform angle (W)	0.54	0.51	减小 Decrease	5.56
林层指数 Stand layer index (S)	0.61	0.64	增加 Increase	4.92
竞争指数 Competition index (CI)	4.38	3.36	减小 Decrease	23.28
生境适宜性指数 Habitat suitability index (HSI)	0.52	0.57	增加 Increase	9.62
目标函数值 Objective function value (Q)	32.67	73.28	增加 Increase	124.30

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