Preliminary study on night lodging habitat selection of Nomascus hainanus in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, southern China
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摘要:目的 探究海南长臂猿与夜宿生境的关系，了解其对夜宿生境的选择和利用，为海南长臂猿的保护与栖息地管理提供科学依据。方法 于2019年7—9月，在海南热带雨林国家公园原霸王岭国家级自然保护区片区，以海南长臂猿4个家庭群为研究对象，研究其对夜宿树及夜宿地的选择。利用样方调查法共调查了74个夜宿地样方和515棵夜宿树，确定了夜宿树种类及其生态因子特征。利用两独立样本Mann-White U检验和逐步判别分析确定影响海南长臂猿夜宿树选择的关键因子。通过选择指数和选择系数分析海南长臂猿对夜宿地生态因子的选择偏好。结果 本次研究发现海南长臂猿夜宿树种类有83种，隶属于38科62属，均是乔木。夜宿树中数量最多的树种是公孙锥和杏叶柯，数量最多的科是壳斗科，有3属分别是锥属、青冈属和柯属。与非夜宿树相比，海南长臂猿偏好选择胸径更大，高度更高，冠幅更大，枝下高更高的乔木夜宿。在影响海南长臂猿夜宿树选择的生态因子中按照贡献值的大小依次为乔木胸径、乔木冠幅、乔木高度、乔木枝下高。海南长臂猿对夜宿地的选择上，其喜欢在海拔800 ~ 1 000 m区域、坡度15° ~ 30°之间、半阴半阳坡、山坡夜宿。海南长臂猿喜欢夜宿在山地雨林、乔木密度667~1 000 株/hm2、乔木胸径20 ~ 30 cm、乔木高度15 ~ 20 m、乔木枝下高5 ~ 15 m、藤本密度 ≤ 56 株/hm2、藤本胸径5 ~ 10 cm、郁闭度50% ~ 75%的生境。海南长臂猿喜欢夜宿在距道路距离2 ~ 4 km、距居民点距离 ≤ 10 km、距离水源 ≤ 500 m范围内的生境。结论 因此可以看出海南长臂猿对夜宿树和夜宿地都有一定的选择偏好。其对夜宿生境的选择是多种生态因子综合影响的，对于生态因子的选择可能和环境的稳定、舒适、食物的可获得性、减少捕食风险和体温调节有关。
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关键词:
- 海南热带雨林国家公园 /
- 海南长臂猿 /
- 夜宿生境选择 /
- 夜宿树 /
- 生态因子
Abstract:Objective This paper aims to explore the relationship between Hainan gibbons and night lodging habitat, understand their selection and utilization of night lodging habitats, and provide a scientific basis for the conservation and habitat management of Hainan gibbons.Method From July to September 2019, in the area of Bawangling National Nature Reserve in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park of southern China, four family groups of Hainan gibbons were taken as the research objects to study their selection of sleeping trees and sites. A total of 74 sleeping sample plots and 515 night lodging trees were investigated using the method of quadrat survey, and the species and ecological factors of sleeping trees were determined. Two independent samples were used for Mann-White U test and stepwise discriminant analysis to determine the key factors influencing the selection of sleeping trees used by Hainan gibbons. The selection indexes and selection coefficients were used to analyze the preference of Hainan gibbons for ecological factors of night lodging habitats.Result This study found that there were 83 night lodging tree species used by Hainan gibbons, belonging to 62 genera and 38 families, all of which were arbors. The largest number of night lodging tree species were Castanopsis tonkinensis and Lithocarpus amygdalifolius. The largest number of families was Fagaceae, and the largest number of genera were Castanopsis, Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus. Compared with non-night lodging trees, Hainan gibbons preferred to choose night lodging trees with a larger DBH, higher tree height, larger crown width and higher height under branch. According to the contribution value, the ecological factors affecting the selection of night lodging trees used by Hainan gibbons were ranked in the order of arbor DBH, arbor crown width, arbor height and arbor height under branch. In the selection of night lodging habitats by Hainan gibbons, they preferred to sleep in the areas with an altitude of 800−1 000 m, a slope of 15°−30°, a semi-sunny and semi-shady slope, and hillside. Hainan gibbons preferred to night lodging in the mountain rainforest with the arbor density of 667−1 000 plant/ha, arbor DBH of 20−30 cm, arbor height of 15−20 m, arbor height under branch of 5−15 m; the vine density of ≤ 56 plant/ha, vine DBH of 5−10 cm, and the canopy density of 50%−75%. Hainan gibbons preferred to night lodging habitats of 2−4 km from roads, ≤ 10 km from human settlements and ≤ 500 m from water sources.Conclusion Therefore, it can be seen that Hainan gibbons have a certain preference for night lodging trees and habitats. The selection of ecological factors may be related to the stability and comfort of the environment, the availability of food, the reduction of predation risk and thermoregulation. -
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图 1 海南热带雨林国家公园原霸王岭国家级自然保护区地理位置、功能区划及海南长臂猿区域分布
Figure 1. Geographical location, functional zoning and regional distribution of Hainan gibbons in the Bawangling National Nature Reserve of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park
表 1 海南热带雨林国家公园海南长臂猿夜宿树的种类和特征
Table 1 Species and characteristics of night lodging trees used by Hainan gibbons in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park
科
Family属
Genus树种
Tree species夜宿树
数量
Number
of night
lodging tree夜宿树
百分比
Percentage
of night
lodging tree/%胸径
DBH/cm高度
Height/m冠幅
Crown dimension/m2枝下高
Height under branch/m茶茱萸科
Icacinaceae肖榄属
Platea海南肖榄
Platea latifolia4 0.78 43.50 ± 4.51 29.25 ± 2.22 39.00 ± 19.15 14.75 ± 1.89 东方肖榄
Platea parvifolia2 0.39 30.00 ± 5.66 21.50 ± 2.12 14.00 ± 8.49 11.50 ± 3.54 柴龙树属
Apodytes柴龙树
Apodytes dimidiata1 0.19 38 30 80 9 大戟科
Euphorbiaceae黄桐属
Endospermum黄桐
Endospermum chinense11 2.14 61.36 ± 26.12 30.82 ± 4.83 91.36 ± 58.68 15.77 ± 5.50 豆科
Leguminosae红豆属
Ormosia木荚红豆
Ormosia xylocarpa3 0.58 35.00 ± 1.73 23.67 ± 3.21 25.00 ± 13.23 10.17 ± 1.76 杜英科
Elaeocarpaceae杜英属
Elaeocarpus显脉杜英
Elaeocarpus dubius1 0.19 40 34 120 13 长芒杜英
Elaeocarpus apiculatus1 0.19 45 32 30 22 山杜英
Elaeocarpus sylvestris1 0.19 30 26 16 12 圆果杜英
Elaeocarpus sphaericus1 0.19 32 32 48 11 猴欢喜属
Sloanea猴欢喜
Sloanea sinensis1 0.19 40 28 40 16 椴树科
Tiliaceae破布叶属
Microcos海南破布叶
Microcos chungii1 0.19 26 20 35 10 番荔枝科
Annonaceae蕉木属
Oncodostigma蕉木
Oncodostigma hainanense1 0.19 22 20 9 10 橄榄科
Burseraceae橄榄属
Canarium橄榄
Canarium album27 5.24 49.70 ± 18.61 26.89 ± 5.42 67.26 ± 49.07 14.06 ± 3.52 乌榄
Canarium pimela6 1.17 56.83 ± 24.53 31.17 ± 4.83 99.33 ± 41.29 13.80 ± 2.86 古柯科
Erythroxylaceae粘木属
Ixonanthes粘木
Ixonanthes reticulata8 1.55 62.25 ± 19.72 31.13 ± 5.28 86.25 ± 61.17 11.69 ± 3.43 胡桃科
Juglandaceae烟包树属
Engelhardia黄杞
Engelhardia roxburghiana16 3.11 49.81 ± 10.99 27.19 ± 4.15 72.31 ± 24.63 8.75 ± 3.85 夹竹桃科
Apocynaceae盆架树属
Winchia盆架树
Winchia calophylla2 0.39 48.50 ± 7.78 30.00 ± 2.83 16.00 ± 5.66 19.00 ± 5.66 金缕梅科
Hamamelidaceae枫香树属
Liquidambar枫香树
Liquidambar formosana29 5.63 48.66 ± 18.08 30.66 ± 4.00 50.69 ± 36.18 12.38 ± 2.83 壳斗科
Fagaceae柯属
Lithocarpus琼中柯
Lithocarpus chiungchungensis1 0.19 56 28 120 7.5 杏叶柯
Lithocarpus amygdalifolius43 8.35 70.21 ± 34.89 27.79 ± 5.41 112.51 ± 66.95 10.78 ± 2.73 锥属
Castanopsis米槠
Castanopsis carlesii11 2.14 41.55 ± 10.37 27.27 ± 4.50 52.00 ± 21.74 11.09 ± 4.16 红锥
Castanopsis hystrix30 5.83 74.20 ± 21.83 32.53 ± 5.39 133.97 ± 54.28 11.68 ± 4.11 海南白锥
Hayatavainainca chunethuan15 2.91 41.60 ± 13.89 24.00 ± 4.72 42.27 ± 21.50 11.30 ± 4.06 公孙锥
Castanopsis tonkinensis43 8.35 57.51 ± 21.10 26.72 ± 5.79 87.47 ± 54.53 10.63 ± 3.83 青冈属
Cyclobalanopsis托盘青冈
Cyclobalanopsis patelliformis32 6.21 72.78 ± 27.76 28.66 ± 6.58 94.72 ± 55.17 11.69 ± 4.17 栎子青冈
Cyclobalanopsis blakei15 2.91 43.53 ± 11.41 29.73 ± 4.98 80.27 ± 32.55 10.90 ± 4.21 碟斗青冈
Cyclobalanopsis disciformis2 0.39 78.50 ± 4.95 30.00 ± 2.83 127.00 ± 32.53 6.75 ± 0.35 竹叶青冈
Cyclobalanopsis neglecta2 0.39 41.00 ± 4.24 24.00 ± 5.67 45.00 ± 4.24 10.50 ± 0.71 蓝果树科
Nyssaceae蓝果树属
Nyssa蓝果树
Nyssa sinensis2 0.39 63.00 ± 38.18 30.50 ± 7.78 72.00 ± 67.88 15.00 ± 0.00 楝科
Meliaceae割舌树属
Walsura割舌树
Walsura robusta3 0.58 33.67 ± 4.04 20.67 ± 1.15 24.00 ± 10.39 13.00 ± 1.00 崖摩属
Amoora红椤
Aglaia spectabilis1 0.19 42 24 30 6 米仔兰属
Aglaia山椤
Aglaia roxburghiana1 0.19 47 24 30 10 龙脑香科
Dipterocarpaceae坡垒属
Hopea坡垒
Hopea hainanensis1 0.19 46 38 56 18 罗汉松科
Podocarpaceae罗汉松属
Podocarpus鸡毛松
Podocarpus imbricatus5 0.97 56.80 ± 16.28 34.40 ± 1.82 70.00 ± 28.50 19.40 ± 3.05 陆均松属
Podocarpus陆均松
Dacrydium pierrei1 0.19 96 30 180 5 木兰科
Magnoliaceae含笑属
Michelia白花含笑
Michelia mediocris28 5.44 73.25 ± 26.34 30.25 ± 5.31 95.89 ± 55.93 13.86 ± 4.52 木莲属
Manglietia海南木莲
Manglietia fordiana1 0.19 34 27 30 14 拟单性木兰属
Parakmeria乐东拟单性木兰
Parakmeria lotungensis1 0.19 44 20 15 9 木犀科
Oleaceae木犀属
Osmanthus双瓣木犀
Osmanthus didymopetalus1 0.19 34 20 30 13 漆树科
Anacardiaceae南酸枣属
Choerospondias南酸枣
Choerospondias axillaris1 0.19 34 22 36 10 槭树科
Aceraceae槭属
Acer十蕊槭
Acer decandrum1 0.19 30 22 16 13 茜草科
Rubiaceae茜树属
Aidia香楠
Aidia canthioides5 0.97 49.80 ± 24.56 28.40 ± 7.27 56.40 ± 27.80 13.70 ± 5.14 鱼骨木属
Canthium鱼骨木
Canthium dicoccum3 0.58 40.67 ± 6.11 24.67 ± 4.16 35.67 ± 12.01 12.67 ± 0.58 蔷薇科
Rosaceae枇杷属
Eriobotrya台湾枇杷
Eriobotrya deflexa1 0.19 50 25 48 6.5 桑科
Moraceae波罗蜜属
Artocarpus小叶胭脂
Artocarpus styracifolius10 1.94 36.50 ± 10.20 25.80 ± 2.15 40.40 ± 25.35 15.70 ± 3.71 榕属
Ficus白肉榕
Ficus vasculosa3 0.58 34.67 ± 4.16 19.67 ± 3.51 31.67 ± 2.89 8.83 ± 2.02 笔管榕
Ficus subpisocarpa2 0.39 121.00 ± 1.41 28.00 ± 0.00 168.00 ± 33.94 12.00 ± 2.83 山茶科
Theaceae杨桐属
Adinandra海南杨桐
Adinandra hainanensis5 0.97 37.20 ± 8.07 23.40 ± 5.73 22.60 ± 13.56 12.20 ± 0.84 木荷属
Schima木荷
Schima superba4 0.78 44.25 ± 17.25 24.00 ± 4.32 29.75 ± 18.34 12.75 ± 3.69 柃木属
Eurya岗柃
Eurya groffii1 0.19 38 22 12 12 山榄科
Sapotaceae肉实树属
Sarcosperma肉实树
Sarcosperma laurinum6 1.17 39.33 ± 6.44 24.17 ± 2.99 22.00 ± 9.38 12.67 ± 3.56 桃榄属
Pouteria Aublet桃榄
Pouteria annamensis3 0.58 62.33 ± 19.86 29.00 ± 6.56 56.00 ± 34.87 10.00 ± 2.65 山龙眼科
Proteaceae山龙眼属
Helicia小果山龙眼
Helicia cochinchinensis1 0.19 32 29 48 15 假山龙眼属
Heliciopsis野荔枝
Heliciopsis terminalis4 0.78 62.75 ± 29.57 26.25 ± 6.55 85.00 ± 49.25 9.00 ± 2.92 桃金娘科
Myrtaceae蒲桃属
Syzygium密脉蒲桃
Syzygium chunianum2 0.39 42.00 ± 5.66 23.00 ± 7.07 43.00 ± 18.38 23.50 ± 16.26 赤楠
Syzygium buxifolium2 0.39 43.55 ± 0.71 22.50 ± 3.54 15.00 ± 4.24 11.00 ± 0.00 子凌蒲桃
Syzygium championii2 0.39 34.00 ± 0.00 24.50 ± 2.12 25.00 ± 7.07 13.50 ± 2.12 海南蒲桃
Syzygium hainanense1 0.19 48 34 120 16 线枝蒲桃
Syzygium araiocladum1 0.19 34 24 48 12 香蒲桃
Syzygium odoratum1 0.19 18 16 12 7 水翁属
Cleistocalyx大果水翁
Cleistocalyx conspersipunctatus2 0.39 42.50 ± 3.54 23.00 ± 2.83 42.00 ± 8.49 12.00 ± 1.41 肖蒲桃属
Acmena肖蒲桃
Syzygium acuminatissimum4 0.78 40.25 ± 6.85 26.75 ± 7.23 40.50 ± 27.44 10.00 ± 5.83 藤黄科
Guttiferae藤黄属
Garcinia岭南山竹子
Garcinia oblongifolia2 0.39 27.50 ± 0.71 18.50 ± 0.71 14.00 ± 2.83 12.00 ± 1.41 无患子科
Sapindaceae韶子属
Nephelium毛荔枝
Nephelium topengii11 2.14 32.09 ± 3.51 21.27 ± 3.52 29.27 ± 9.59 11.32 ± 3.72 槭属
Acer罗浮槭
Acer fabri1 0.19 32 22 20 4 梧桐科
Sterculiaceae梭罗树属
Reevesia长柄梭罗
Reevesia longipetiolata7 1.36 45.00 ± 17.80 28.71 ± 6.13 42.71 ± 21.39 17.00 ± 4.76 五加科
Araliaceae鹅掌柴属
Schefflera鸭脚木(鹅掌柴)
Schefflera octophylla5 0.97 56.20 ± 19.19 26.00 ± 3.74 75.20 ± 33.27 12.80 ± 3.03 五列木科
Pentaphylacaceae五列木属
Pentaphylax五列木
Pentaphylax euryoides4 0.78 39.25 ± 18.57 25.50 ± 18.36 63.00 ± 88.83 14.25 ± 4.92 五桠果科
Dilleniaceae五桠果属
Dillenia大花五桠果
Dillenia turbinata3 0.58 37.00 ± 10.82 20.67 ± 6.43 25.67 ± 12.10 9.00 ± 2.78 杨柳科
Salicaceae杨属
Populus琼岛杨
Populus qiongdaoensis9 1.75 37.33 ± 8.54 29.56 ± 4.03 29.89 ± 23.78 14.44 ± 5.77 榆科
Ulmaceae白颜树属
Gironniera白颜树
Gironniera subaequalis2 0.39 33.50 ± 2.12 22.00 ± 2.83 16.00 ± 5.66 14.50 ± 4.95 远志科
Polygalaceae黄叶树属
Rosaceae黄叶树
Xanthophyllum hainanense16 3.11 32.44 ± 4.50 22.75 ± 3.70 18.19 ± 10.00 12.03 ± 3.95 芸香科
Rutaceae山油柑属
Acronychia贡甲
Acronychia oligophlebia3 0.58 35.00 ± 3.00 18.33 ± 3.21 19.33 ± 9.45 10.17 ± 1.44 樟科
Lauraceae润楠属
Machilus华润楠
Machilus chinensis8 1.55 46.13 ± 17.69 29.38 ± 6.61 73.63 ± 64.36 15.94 ± 5.32 梨润楠
Machilus pomifera2 0.39 48.00 ± 2.83 31.00 ± 1.41 33.00 ± 4.24 20.50 ± 3.54 粗壮润楠
Machilus robusta1 0.19 42 34 48 15 樟属
Cinnamomum景烈樟(平托桂)
Cinnamomum tsoi6 1.17 39.17 ± 11.25 28.00 ± 7.56 53.17 ± 53.53 13.00 ± 6.36 楠属
Phoebe红毛山楠(毛丹)
Phoebe hungmaoensis5 0.97 67.40 ± 23.93 27.00 ± 2.65 53.60 ± 43.62 11.30 ± 4.02 油丹属
Alseodaphne油丹
Alseodaphne hainanensis5 0.97 48.80 ± 5.40 26.60 ± 2.41 52.00 ± 40.60 11.00 ± 2.12 琼楠属
Beilschmiedia琼楠
Beilschmiedia intermedia2 0.39 39.00 ± 1.41 35.00 ± 4.24 45.00 ± 35.35 19.00 ± 8.49 厚壳桂属
Cryptocarya钝叶厚壳桂
Cryptocarya impressinervia1 0.19 34 23 30 7 山胡椒属
Lindera广东山胡椒
Lindera kwangtungensis1 0.19 50 28 48 14 新木姜子属
Neolitsea长圆叶新木姜子
Neolitsea oblongifolia1 0.19 32 26 20 13 
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表 2 海南热带雨林国家公园海南长臂猿主要夜宿植物科、属统计
Table 2 Statistics of families and genera of main night lodging plants of Hainan gibbons in HainanTropical Rainforest National Park
类群
Category夜宿树数量
Number of night
lodging tree占总夜宿树数量百分比
Amount percentage to
total night lodging tree/%壳斗科 Fagaceae 194 37.67 锥属 Castanopsis 99 19.22 青冈属 Cyclobalanopsis 51 9.90 柯属 Lithocarpus 44 8.54 橄榄科 Burseraceae 33 6.41 橄榄属 Canarium 33 6.41 樟科 Lauraceae 32 6.21 润楠属 Machilus 11 2.14 樟属 Cinnamomum 6 1.17 楠属 Phoebe 5 0.97 油丹属 Alseodaphne 5 0.97 木兰科 Magnoliaceae 30 5.83 含笑属 Michelia 28 5.44 金缕梅科 Hamamelidaceae 29 5.63 枫香树属 Liquidambar 29 5.63
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表 3 海南热带雨林国家公园海南长臂猿夜宿树与非夜宿树生态因子的比较
Table 3 Comparison of ecological factors between night lodging trees and non-night lodging trees forHainan gibbons in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park
变量
Variable夜宿树
Night lodging tree (N = 515)非夜宿树
Non-night lodging tree (N = 4 681)Z P 乔木胸径 DBH of tree/cm 53.38 ± 24.23 23.70 ± 13.14 −30.873 < 0.001 乔木高度 Height of arbor/m 27.57 ± 5.87 17.17 ± 6.73 −28.280 < 0.001 乔木冠幅 Crown width of arbor/m2 70.21 ± 54.09 15.47 ± 26.97 −30.551 < 0.001 乔木枝下高 Height under arbor branch/m 12.27 ± 4.33 9.31 ± 4.73 −14.908 < 0.001
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表 4 海南热带雨林国家公园海南长臂猿夜宿树与非夜宿树生态因子的逐步判别分析
Table 4 Stepwise discriminant analysis of ecological factors to night lodging trees and non-night lodging trees forHainan gibbons in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park
变量序号 Variable No. 变量名称 Variable name 判别系数 Discriminant coefficient Wilk’s λ F P 1 乔木胸径 DBH of arbor 0.578 0.731 1 911.80 < 0.001 2 乔木冠幅 Crown width of arbor 0.334 0.716 1 030.49 < 0.001 3 乔木高度 Height of arbor 0.292 0.712 701.05 < 0.001 4 乔木枝下高 Height under arbor branch −0.134 0.710 530.85 < 0.001
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表 5 海南热带雨林国家公园海南长臂猿对15种生态因子的夜宿生境选择
Table 5 Night lodging habitat selection of Hainan gibbons for 15 ecological factors in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park
生态因子
Ecological factor类别
Type (i)特征的样方数
Quadrat number of
characteristics (Pi)选择系数
Selection
coefficient (Wi)选择指数
Selection
index (Ei)生境选择
Habitat
selection海拔
Altitude/m700 ~ 800 8 0.11 −0.30 NP 800 ~ 900 22 0.30 0.20 P 900 ~ 1 000 32 0.43 0.37 P 1 000 ~ 1 100 10 0.14 −0.19 NP > 1 100 2 0.03 −0.76 NP 坡度
Slope degree/(°)≤ 15 1 0.01 −0.92 NP 15 ~ 30 58 0.78 0.40 P > 30 15 0.20 −0.24 NP 坡向
Slope aspect阳坡
Sunny slope20 0.27 −0.10 NP 半阴半阳坡
Semi-sunny and semi-cloudy slope38 0.51 0.21 P 阴坡
Shady slope16 0.22 −0.21 NP 地形特征
Terrain feature山坡
Hillside43 0.58 0.27 P 山脊
Ridge27 0.36 0.05 AR 沟谷
Gully4 0.05 −0.72 NP 植被类型
Vegetation type热带山地雨林
Tropical mountain rainforest66 0.89 0.56 P 热带针叶林和季雨林混交
Mixed tropical coniferous forest and tropical monsoon forest4 0.05 −0.64 NP 热带针叶混交林
Tropical coniferous mixed forest2 0.03 −0.80 NP 热带季雨林
Tropical monsoon forest2 0.03 −0.80 NP 乔木密度/(株·hm−2)
Arbor density/(tree·ha−1)≤ 333 0 0.00 −1.00 N 333 ~ 667 10 0.14 −0.30 NP 667 ~ 1 000 62 0.84 0.54 P > 1 000 2 0.03 −0.80 NP 乔木胸径
DBH of arbor/cm10 ~ 20 0 0.00 −1.00 N 20 ~ 30 67 0.91 0.46 P > 30 7 0.09 −0.56 NP 乔木高度
Arbor height/m≤ 10 0 0.00 −1.00 N 10 ~ 15 3 0.04 −0.72 NP 15 ~ 20 61 0.82 0.53 P > 20 10 0.14 −0.30 NP 乔木枝下高度
Height under arbor branch/m≤ 5 0 0.00 −1.00 N 5 ~ 10 46 0.62 0.43 P 10 ~ 15 27 0.36 0.19 P > 15 1 0.01 −0.90 NP 藤本密度/(株·hm−2)
Liana density/(plant·ha−1)≤ 56 48 0.65 0.32 P 56 ~ 111 25 0.34 0.01 AR > 111 1 0.01 −0.92 NP 藤本胸径
DBH of liana/cm≤ 5 20 0.27 −0.10 NP 5 ~ 10 48 0.65 0.32 P > 10 6 0.08 −0.61 NP 郁闭度
Canopy density/%≤ 25 0 0.00 −1.00 N 25 ~ 50 8 0.11 −0.40 NP 50 ~ 75 66 0.89 0.56 P > 75 0 0.00 −1.00 N 距离道路距离
Distance from road/km≤ 2 16 0.22 −0.21 NP 2 ~ 4 42 0.57 0.26 P > 4 16 0.22 −0.21 NP 距离居民点距离
Distance from human settlement/km≤ 10 44 0.59 0.28 P 10 ~ 20 20 0.27 −0.10 NP > 20 10 0.14 −0.42 NP 距离水源距离
Distance from water source/m≤ 500 50 0.68 0.46 P 500 ~ 1 000 11 0.15 −0.25 NP 1 000 ~ 1 500 5 0.07 −0.57 NP > 1 500 8 0.11 −0.40 NP 注：P表示喜欢；N表示不选择；R表示随机选择；AR表示几乎随机选择；NP表示回避。Notes: P means preference; N means no choice; R means random selection; AR means almost random selection; NP means avoid.
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