Hydrological effects of litter and soil layers of Larix kaempferi plantation in subtropical regions
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摘要:
目的 研究对比亚热带不同经营模式日本落叶松人工林枯落物层和土壤层水文效应的变化规律及差异性，探讨二者水文性能之间的相关关系，以期为地区森林水文循环和森林健康经营提供科学依据。 方法 以建始县国有长岭岗林场3种典型经营模式日本落叶松人工林（日本落叶松−檫木混交经营模式、日本落叶松−鹅掌楸混交经营模式、日本落叶松纯林经营模式）为研究对象，采用样地观测法、室内浸泡法、环刀法、双环法等对其枯落物层及土壤层水文效应进行了研究，并采用回归分析法和双变量相关性分析法对其二者水文效应进了拟合与分析。 结果 （1）不同经营模式林分枯落物厚度及蓄积量分层变化差异显著（P < 0.05）；混交林经营模式半分解层厚度及蓄积量均明显高于未分解层，纯林经营模式则正好相反。（2）不同经营模式林分枯落物持水量、吸水速率随浸泡时间的变化规律基本一致，枯落物持水量与浸泡时间呈对数函数回归关系，枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间呈幂函数回归关系。（3）不同经营模式林分土壤物理性质及入渗性能整体表现为混交经营模式优于纯林经营模式，且差异性显著（P < 0.05）；土壤入渗速率与入渗时间呈幂函数回归关系。（4）不同经营模式林分枯落物层和土壤层水文效应存在一定的相关性，除土壤密度外，土壤水文指标均与枯落物半分解层水文指标呈正相关，与枯落物未分解层水文指标呈负相关；土壤最大持水量、总空隙度、初渗速率、稳渗速率与枯落物厚度、半分解层最大持水量及最大吸水速率关系密切。 结论 综合来看，混交经营模式的枯落物层和土壤层水文性能要优于纯林经营模式，建议在森林经营管理中应充分考虑树种组成、配置方式等因素影响，加快实施针叶纯林的近自然阔叶化改造，以加强地区森林的水文功能和健康经营。 Abstract:Objective The hydrological effects of litter layer and soil layer of Larix kaempferi plantation under different management models in subtropical regions were studied and compared, and the correlation between hydrological performance of the two was explored to provide scientific basis for regional forest hydrological cycle and forest health management. Method Taking three typical management models of Larix kaempferi plantation (Larix kaempferi-Sassafras tzumu mixed management model, Larix kaempferi-Liriodendron chinense mixed management model and Larix kaempferi pure forest management model) in Changlinggang State-Owned Forest Farm of Jianshi County as the research objects, and the hydrological effects of litter layer and soil layer were studied by means of sample plot observation method, indoor immersion method, cutting ring method and double ring method, and the regression analysis and bivariate correlation analysis were used to fit and analyze the hydrological effects. Result (1) There were significant differences in the stratification changes of litter thickness and volume under different management models (P < 0.05); the thickness and volume of semi-decomposed layer in mixed forest management model were significantly higher than those in un-decomposed layer, but the opposite was true in pure forest management mode. (2) The change law of water holding capacity and water absorption rate of litter with soaking time in different management models was basically consistent. There was a logarithmic regression relationship between litter water holding capacity and soaking time, and a power function regression relationship between litter water absorption rate and soaking time. (3) The soil physical properties and infiltration performance of mixed forest were better than that of pure forest, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05); the relationship between soil infiltration rate and infiltration time was power function regression. (4) There was a certain correlation between the hydrological effects of litter layer and soil layer in different management models. Except for soil bulk density, soil hydrological indexes were positively correlated with hydrological indexes of semi-decomposed layer of litter, and negatively correlated with hydrological indexes of un-decomposed layer of litter; maximum soil water holding capacity, total porosity, initial infiltration rate, steady infiltration rate were positively correlated with thickness of litter, maximum water holding capacity and maximum water absorption rate of semi-decomposed layer. Conclusion Generally, the hydrological properties of litter layer and soil layer of mixed management model were better than that of pure forest management model. It is suggested that the influence of tree species composition and configuration mode should be fully considered in forest management, and the near-natural broadleaved transformation of pure coniferous forest should be accelerated to strengthen the hydrological function and healthy management of regional forest. -
Key words:
- management model /
- Larix kaempferi plantation /
- litter layer /
- soil layer /
- hydrological effect
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图 1 不同经营模式日本落叶松枯落物持水量随浸水时间的变化
Figure 1. Changes of water holding capacity of Larix kaempferi litter with soaking time under different management models
图 2 不同经营模式日本落叶松枯落物吸水速率随浸水时间的变化
Figure 2. Changes of water absorption rate of Larix kaempferi litter with soaking time under different operating models
表 1 不同混交模式日本落叶松人工林林分概况
Table 1. Stand profiles of Larix kaempferi plantation with different mixed models
经营模式
Management
model林龄/a
Stand age/year海拔
Altitude/m坡度
Slope degree/(°)坡向
Slope aspect密度/(株·hm−2)
Density/(plant·ha−1)平均胸径
Average
DBH/cm平均树高
Average
tree height/m郁闭度
Canopy
densityA 32 1 759 13 ~ 18 东南 Southeast 770 27.5 24.2 0.87 B 32 1 773 14 ~ 20 南 South 840 24.3 20.4 0.85 C 32 1 759 11 ~ 19 南 South 1 050 20.8 19.3 0.90 注：A. 日本落叶松−檫木混交林；B. 日本落叶松−鹅掌楸混交林；C. 日本落叶松纯林。下同。Notes: A, mixed forest of Larix kaempferi and Sassafras tzumu; B, mixed forest of Larix kaempferi and Liriodendron chinense; C, pure Larix kaempferi forest. The same below. 
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表 2 不同经营模式林分枯落物厚度与蓄积量
Table 2. Litter thickness and volume under different management modes
经营模式
Management
model枯落物厚度 Litter thickness 枯落物蓄积量 Litter volume 半分解层
Semi-decomposed
layer/cm未分解层
Undecomposed
layer/cm总厚度
Total thickness/
cm半分解层/(t·hm−2)
Semi-decomposed
layer/(t·ha−1)占比
Proportion/
%未分解层/(t·hm−2)
Undecomposed
layer/(t·ha−1)占比
Proportion/
%总蓄积量/(t·hm−2)
Total volume/
(t·ha−1)A 2.63 ± 0.09a 1.37 ± 0.10c 4.00 ± 0.21a 6.30 ± 0.34a 75.45 2.05 ± 0.13b 24.55 8.35 ± 0.41a B 2.21 ± 0.11b 1.75 ± 0.12b 3.96 ± 0.18a 4.47 ± −0.28b 62.00 2.74 ± 0.09ab 38.00 7.21 ± 0.32ab C 1.85 ± 0.10c 2.02 ± 0.11a 3.87 ± 0.20a 2.99 ± 0.17c 43.65 3.86 ± 0.19a 56.35 6.85 ± 0.14b 注: 数据为均值 ± 标准差， 同列不同字母表示差异显著（P < 0.05）。下同。Notes: data are mean ± standard deviation. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). Same as below.
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表 3 不同经营模式林分枯落物持水量（Q）与浸泡时间（t）的关系
Table 3. Relationship between litter water holding capacity (Q) and soaking time (t) under different management models
经营模式
Management model枯落物层
Litter layer回归方程
Regression equationR2 枯落物层
Litter layer回归方程
Regression equationR2 A 半分解层
Semi-decomposed layer$Q = 3.045\;9\ln t + 5.890\;9$ 0.939 4 未分解层
Undecomposed layer$Q = 2.041\;4\ln t + 2.345\;2$ 0.948 9 B $Q = 2.744\;8\ln t + 4.705\;8$ 0.937 8 $Q = 2.331\;5\ln t + 2.980\;1$ 0.956 4 C $Q = 2.494\;2\ln t + 3.331\;1$ 0.949 4 $Q = 2.538\;6\ln t + 3.899\;4$ 0.962 8
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表 4 不同经营模式林分枯落物吸水速率（V）与浸泡时间（t）的关系
Table 4. Relationship between litter water absorption rate (V) and soaking time (t) under different management models
经营模式
Management model枯落物层
Litter layer回归方程
Regression equationR2 枯落物层
Litter layer回归方程
Regression equationR2 A 半分解层
Semi-decomposed layer$V = 5.281\;7{t^{ - 0.607\;7}}$ 0.947 2 未分解层
Undecomposed layer$V = 2.203\;1{t^{ - 0.500\;3}}$ 0.957 5 B $V = 4.169\;5{t^{ - 0.573\;7}}$ 0.937 1 $V = 2.767\;2{t^{ - 0.523\;1}}$ 0.957 3 C $V = 2.916\;5{t^{ - 0.504\;7}}$ 0.918 6 $V = 3.625\;4{t^{ - 0.571\;1}}$ 0.966 4
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表 5 不同经营模式林分土壤物理性质
Table 5. Soil physical properties of Larix kaempferi plantation under different management models
经营模式
Management
model土壤密度
Soil bulk density/
(g·cm−3)最大持水量
Maximum moisture
capacity/%毛管持水量
Capillary moisture
capacity/%田间持水量
Field moisture
capacity/%非毛管孔隙度
Non-capillary
porosity/%毛管孔隙度
Capillary porosity/
%总孔隙度
Total porosity/
%A 0.76 ± 0.09b 79.85 ± 2.33a 73.45 ± 1.75a 68.68 ± 1.74a 3.19 ± 0.61a 77.90 ± 2.67a 81.09 ± 1.43a B 0.87 ± 0.11ab 74.372 ± 1.19b 68.22 ± 1.67b 64.08 ± 1.42b 2.11 ± 0.40b 66.49 ± 0.93b 68.60 ± 1.02b C 1.04 ± 0.13a 64.723 ± 1.88c 61.24 ± 1.51c 56.27 ± 1.66c 2.05 ± 0.34b 57.65 ± 1.34c 59.70 ± 1.56c
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表 6 不同经营模式林分土壤渗透速率（y）与渗透模型
Table 6. Soil infiltration rate (y) and infiltration model of different management models
经营模式
Management
model初渗速率
Initial infiltration rate/
(mm·min−1)稳渗速率
Steady infiltration rate/
(mm·min−1)稳渗时间
Steady infiltration
time/min回归方程
Regression
equationR2 A 61.57 ± 6.95a 3.37 ± 1.75a 24 $ y=29.529\;0{t}^{-0.594\;6} $ 0.931 3 B 44.67 ± 4.68b 2.59 ± 1.19b 28 $ y=23.349\;1{t}^{-0.595\;6} $ 0.954 4 C 27.50 ± 4.74c 2.06 ± 1.12c 31 $ y=16.401\;8{t}^{-0.554\;8} $ 0.949 2
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表 7 不同经营模式林分枯落物与土壤水文效应相关性
Table 7. Correlation between hydrological effect of forest litter and soil under different management modes
指标
Index枯落物厚度
Litter thickness枯落物最大持水量
Maximum water holding capacity
of litter枯落物最大吸水速率
Maximum water absorption rate
of litter半分解层
Semi-decomposed layer未分解层
Undecomposed layer半分解层
Semi-decomposed layer未分解层
Undecomposed layer半分解层
Semi-decomposed layer未分解层
Undecomposed layer土壤密度
Soil bulk density−0.235 0.923** −0.024 0.942** −0.305 0.958** 最大持水量
Maximum water capacity0.742* −0.819** 0.769* −0.342 0.916** −0.416 总孔隙度
Total porosity0.654 −0.901** 0.706* −0.448 0.870** −0.478 初渗速率
Initial infiltration rate0.751* −0.828** 0.785* −0.329 0.922** −0.370 稳渗速率
Steady infiltration rate0.735* −0.794* 0.834** −0.281 0.947** −0.358 注：*表示显著相关(P < 0.05), **表示极显著相关(P < 0.01)。 Notes: * indicates significant correlation (P < 0.05), ** indicates extremely significant correlation (P < 0.01).
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