Comparative study on the effects of climate change on radial growth of Pinus tabuliformis in near and outer suburbs of Beijing
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摘要:目的 以气候变暖为主的气候变化对树木健康及生态系统的稳定产生了深刻影响。本文通过研究气候变化对远郊油松天然林和近郊油松人工林径向生长的影响，揭示城市远郊自然生态系统和近郊山地树木径向生长对气候敏感度的差别。方法 建立了远郊和近郊油松林的标准年表及差值年表，分别与气候指标进行相关分析；利用R软件建立年轮指数与气候指标的最优模型；通过4个韧性力指标分析近郊油松径向生长对干旱条件的响应。结果 （1）两地均呈现气候暖干化现象，其中近郊地区气候暖干化现象更为严重。（2）年表中统计参数均显示，近郊油松径向生长对气候信息更敏感。（3）远郊油松径向生长与当年及上年秋冬季最低温、上年夏秋季标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）呈显著正相关；近郊油松径向生长与上年及当年夏季极高温呈显著负相关，与上年及当年夏秋两季的SPEI呈显著正相关；近郊油松径向生长与当年帕尔默干旱指数（PDSI）年均值呈显著正相关，且严重干旱事件期间对PDSI变化更敏感。结论 远郊油松天然林和近郊油松人工林树木径向生长均存在“滞后效应”，近郊油松林的树木径向生长受城市化的影响，对极端气候的响应更加敏感，更易受到夏季高温和干旱胁迫的影响；但是，在不超过承受阈值的前提下，近郊油松人工林树木径向生长可从长期干旱事件中恢复。Abstract:Objective Climate change dominated by climate warming has had a profound impact on tree health and ecosystem stability. By studying the impact of climate change on the radial growth of Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis) natural forest in the outer suburbs and Chinese pine
plantation in the near suburbs, this paper reveals the difference of radial growth sensitivity of natural ecosystem in the outer suburbs and mountain trees in the near suburbs. Method The standard chronology and residual chronology of Chinese pine in the outer suburb forest and near suburb plantation were established, and their relationship with climate indicators was conducted. R software was applied to construct an optimum model for the response of tree ring index to climate indicators. The response of radial growth of Chinese pine to drought was also analyzed based on four resilience indexes.Result Both sites showed climatic warming and drying trend, which was more significant in the suburban area. The results from both chronologies showed that the radial growth of Chinese pine in suburban area was more sensitive to climate indicators. The radial growth of Chinese pine at the outer suburban site was significantly and positively related to the minimum temperature in fall and winter, also the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) in the last summer and fall. The radial growth of Chinese pine at the near suburban site was significantly and negatively correlated with the daily maximum ground temperature of summer in the last and current years, and was significantly and positively correlated with SPEI of summer and autumn in the last and current years. It was also significantly and positively correlated with the annual mean Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), and was more sensitive to changes in PDSI during severe drought events.Conclusion There is a “lag effect” of the growth response to climate change at both the outer suburb forest site and near suburb plantation site. During the process of urbanization, the radial growth of Chinese pine is more sensitive to climate change, and more vulnerable to summer heat and drought stress. However, within the tolerance threshold, the Chinese pine plantation at near suburb site has the ability to recover from long-term drought events.-
Keywords:
- radial growth /
- drought stress /
- climate change /
- Pinus tabuliformis /
- urbanization
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《北京林业大学学报》（原名《北京林学院学报》）创刊于1979年，由教育部主管、北京林业大学主办，国内外公开发行。历任主编分别为我国6位著名林学家汪振儒、沈国舫、关毓秀、王九龄、贺庆棠、尹伟伦。
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图 1 远郊与近郊地区气候状况
拟合公式中，a为近郊地区（西山），b为远郊地区（松山）。In the fitting formula, a represents near suburbs (Xishan Mountain) and b represents outer suburbs (Songshan Mountain).
Figure 1. Climatic conditions in outer and near suburbs
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图 2 年表年轮指数与月气温的相关系数
a 为近郊地区（西山），b 为远郊地区（松山）。Tm代表月均温，Tmin 代表月最低温，Tmax代表月最高温。*表示在P < 0.05水平达到显著差异性，**表示在P < 0.01水平达到极显著差异性。p5 ~ p12为上年5—12月月份。下同。a represents near suburbs (Xishan Mountain) and b represents outer suburbs (Songshan Mountain). Tm represents monthly mean temperature, Tmin represents monthly minimum temperature, Tmax represents monthly maximum temperature. * means significant difference at P < 0.05 level, and ** means very significant difference at P < 0.01 level. p5−p12 represent the months from May to December of previous year. The same below.
Figure 2. Correlation coefficients between the annual ring index in chronology and monthly temperature
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图 3 年表与月降水（P）、PDSI及SPEI的相关系数
a 为近郊地区（西山），b 为远郊地区（松山）。a represents near suburbs (Xishan Mountain) and b represents outer suburbs (Songshan Mountain).
Figure 3. Correlation coefficients between chronology and monthly precipitation, PDSI and SPEI
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图 4 远郊、近郊树木年轮指数与主导影响因子的变化趋势
RWLs为远郊油松年轮宽度，RWLx为近郊油松年轮宽度。a ~ c为远郊年轮指数与主导因子的变化趋势，d ~ i为近郊年轮指数与主导因子的变化趋势。RWLs represents annual ring width of outer suburban Pinus tabuliformis, RWLx represents annual ring width of near suburban P. tabuliformis. a − c are the changing trend of RWLs and dominant influencing factors; d−i are the changing trend of RWLx and dominant influencing factors.
Figure 4. Changing trend of RWLs in outer suburbs, RWLx in near suburbs and their dominant influencing factors
表 1 北京远郊地区与近郊地区采样点概况
Table 1 Description of the sampling sites in near and outer suburbs of Beijing
采样点区域
Sampling point area经度
Longitude纬度
Latitude平均树高
Mean tree
height/m平均胸径
Mean
DBH/cm平均林龄/a
Mean stand
age/year土壤类型
Soil type海拔
Elevation/m远郊（松山）
Outer suburbs (Songshan Mountain)115°48′E 40°31′N 14.2 25.2 48 山地褐土、棕色森林土
Mountain cinnamon soil,
brown forest soil1 200 近郊（西山）
Near suburbs (Xishan Mountain)116°26′E 39°98′N 13.5 22.1 43 山地褐土
Mountain cinnamon soil340 
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表 2 气候因子指标及说明
Table 2 Climate factor indexes and description
指标
Index说明
DescriptionTimax 当年i月的最高气温 The highest temperature in the ith month Timin 当年i月的最低气温 The lowest temperature in the ith month Tim 当年i月的平均温 Average temperature in the ith month in that year Pi 当年i月的降水量 Precipitation in the ith month in that year Tpimax 前一年i月的最高气温 The highest temperature in the ith month of previous year Tpimin 前一年i月的最低气温 The lowest temperature in the ith month of previous year Tpim 前一年i月的平均温 Average temperature in the ith month of previous year Ppi 前一年i月的降水量 Precipitation of the ith month of previous year Ta m 年平均气温 Annual average temperature Pa 年降水量 Annual precipitation Si 当年i月的SPEI值 SPEI value of the ith month in that year Spi 前一年i月的SPEI值 SPEI value of the ith month of previous year Smm 当年SPEI的月均值 Monthly average SPEI value in that year PDi 当年i月的PDSI值 PDSI value of the ith month in that year PDpi 前一年i月的PDSI值 PDSI value of the ith month of previous year PDmm 当年PDSI的月均值 Monthly mean PDSI value in that year
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表 3 不同干旱程度等级划分及近郊油松平均年轮宽度与当年PDSI的Pearson相关性
Table 3 Classification of different drought degrees and Pearson correlation between average annual ring width ofPinus tabuliformis in near suburbs and PDSI in that year
干旱程度 Drought degree 正常 Normal 初始干旱 Initial drought 轻度干旱 Mild drought 严重干旱 Severe drought PDSI取值范围 Value range of PDSI (−0.5 ~ 0.5] (−1 ~ −0.5] (−2 ~ −1] (−4 ~ −2] 相关性 Correlation 0.091 0.454 0.244 0.562**
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表 4 远郊天然林及近郊人工林年表的统计参数及公共区间分析结果
Table 4 Statistical parameters of chronology of natural forest in outer suburbs and plantation in near suburbs and analysis results in common intervals
统计参数 Statistic parameter 标准年表 Standard chronology 差值年表 Residual chronology 远郊天然林
Natural forest
in outer suburbs近郊人工林
Plantation
in near suburbs远郊天然林
Natural forest
in outer suburbs近郊人工林
Plantation
in near suburbs年表长度/a Chronology length/year 71 55 71 55 公共区间 Common interval 1987—2011 1975—2012 1987—2011 1975—2012 平均敏感度 Mean sensitivity 0.194 0.247 0.238 0.272 标准差 Standard deviation 0.208 0.317 0.207 0.231 树间相关系数 Correlation coefficient between trees 0.282 0.343 0.282 0.281 一阶自相关系数 First order autocorrelation coefficient 0.210 0.620 −0.095 0.020 信噪比 Signal-to-noise rate 5.503 14.087 5.509 10.538 样本总体代表性 Sample population representativeness 0.846 0.934 0.846 0.913 第一主成分方差解释量 Variance explanatory quantity of the first principal component/% 35.18 41.49 35.78 36.02
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表 5 严重干旱条件下近郊油松人工林的韧性
Table 5 Resilience of Pinus tabuliformis plantation in near suburbs under severe drought conditions
干旱事件发生年份
Year of drought event抵抗力 Resistance 恢复力 Recovery 韧性 Resilience 远郊 Outer suburbs 近郊 Near suburbs 远郊 Outer suburbs 近郊 Near suburbs 远郊 Outer suburbs 近郊 Near suburbs 1966 1.126 1.130 0.808 0.792 0.910 0.894 1972 0.886 0.821 0.962 0.921 0.852 0.756 1981—1984 1.032 0.557 0.945 1.353 0.975 0.754 1993 0.828 0.687 1.151 0.854 0.953 0.586 2000—2010 0.954 1.027 0.880 1.639 0.840 1.684 2014—2015 1.235 1.100 0.900 0.816 1.111 0.898 均值 Mean 1.010 ± 0.139 0.887 ± 0.235 0.941 ± 0.106 1.063 ± 0.350 0.940 ± 0.091 0.929 ± 0.387
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