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    透光抚育强度对小兴安岭“栽针保阔”红松林碳储量的影响

    Effects of release cutting intensity on the carbon storage of Korean pine forests by planting conifer and reserving broadleaved trees in Xiaoxing’an Mountains of northeastern China

      摘要
    • 摘要:
        目的  揭示透光抚育对“栽针保阔”红松林中长期碳汇的影响规律，为恢复地带性顶极植被阔叶红松林提供依据。
        方法  采用相对生长方程与碳/氮分析测定法，同步测定小兴安岭不同透光抚育强度（对照（未采伐未栽针）、轻度透光抚育（伐除上层蓄积1/7）、中度透光抚育（伐除上层蓄积1/5）、强度透光抚育（伐除上层蓄积1/4））下的中期“栽针保阔”红松林（杨桦次生林冠下栽植红松35年，透光抚育30年）的生态系统碳储量（植被与土壤）、植被净初级生产力与年净固碳量，揭示透光抚育强度对“栽针保阔”红松林中长期碳汇作用的影响规律及机制。
        结果  （1）透光抚育30年后，各透光抚育强度使中期“栽针保阔”红松林的植被碳储量（（81.15 ± 3.63） ~ （100.24 ± 1.10） t/hm2）显著降低了14.7% ~ 19.0%（P < 0.05），但各透光抚育强度之间却无显著差异性（源于上层阔叶树碳储量随透光抚育强度呈递减趋势（21.1% ~ 31.2%），冠下红松却呈递增趋势（39.0% ~ 107.4%））。（2）各透光抚育强度均使其土壤碳储量（（108.32 ± 6.27） ~ （121.42 ± 11.75） t/hm2）与对照相近（−8.4% ~ 2.7%，P > 0.05），但轻度、中度和强度透光抚育却改变了土壤碳储量的空间分布格局（水平分布上土壤表层碳储量随透光抚育强度增大而递减；垂直分布上轻度和中度透光抚育使其由对照的上 > 中 ≈ 下转化为上 > 中 > 下或上 ≈ 中 > 下）。（3）轻度透光抚育使其生态系统碳储量（（189.47 ± 5.16） ~ （218.44 ± 10.65） t/hm2）已得到恢复（−5.3%，P > 0.05），但中度和强度透光抚育仍使其较对照显著降低9.3%和13.3%（P < 0.05），且3者均使其生态系统碳储量分配比例略有改变（植被碳储量占比降低3.06% ~ 4.57%）。（4）轻度透光抚育使其植被年净初级生产力NPP（（8.02 ± 0.79） ~ （9.51 ± 0.79） t/hm2）和年净固碳量VNCS（（3.72 ± 0.37） ~ （4.42 ± 0.37） t/hm2）已得到恢复（−11.5%和−9.7%，P > 0.05），而中度和强度透光抚育却使其仍显著低于对照15.4% ~ 15.7%和14.0% ~ 15.8%（P < 0.05），但各透光抚育强度之间也无显著差异性（源于上层阔叶树种年净初级生产力和年净固碳量随透光抚育强度呈递减趋势（20.8% ~ 25.6%和19.3% ~ 24.5%），冠下红松年净初级生产力和年净固碳量却呈递增趋势（0.90 ~ 1.12 t/hm2和0.43 ~ 0.52 t/hm2））。
        结论  轻度透光抚育30年后小兴安岭“栽针保阔”红松林生态系统碳储量及年净固碳量已得到恢复，而中、强度透光抚育使两者显著降低9.1% ~ 14.3%和14.3% ~ 16.7%，故从维持森林碳汇角度考虑在次生林恢复地带性顶极植被阔叶红松林经营实践中采取低强度透光抚育方式比较适宜。

       

      Abstract:
        Objective  This paper aims to reveal the influencing rule of liberation cutting intensity on the medium and long term carbon sink of Korean pine forests by planting conifer and reserving broadleaved trees (PCRBT), and to provide basis for the restoration of zonal climax vegetation broadleaved Korean pine forest.
        Method  The carbon storage (vegetation and soil), net primary productivity (NPP) and net annual carbon sequestration (ANCS) of the mid-term (35 years) Korean pine forests by PCRBT under different liberation cutting (LC) intensities (control(C), low-intensity LC(L)-1/7, moderate-intensity LC(M)-1/5, and high-intensity LC(H)-1/4 (volume ratio)) were measured simultaneously by the relative growth equation and carbon/nitrogen analysis method in temperate Xiaoxing’an Mountains of northeastern China, to reveal the law and mechanism of the effect of liberation cutting on carbon sink of Korean pine forest.
        Result  (1) The vegetation carbon storage ((81.15 ± 3.63) − (85.48 ± 2.30) t/ha) of the Korean pine forests by PCRBT was significantly lower than that of control ((100.24 ± 1.10) t/ha) by 14.7%−19.0% (P < 0.05) after liberation cutting 30 years, but the difference of vegetation carbon reserves was not significant among the low-, medium-, and high-intensity liberation cutting (because the carbon reserves of upper canopy broadleaf trees decreased with liberation cutting intensity (21.1%−31.2%), while the carbon reserves of Korean pine under canopy increased by 39.0%−107.4%). (2) The soil carbon storage ((108.32 ± 6.27) − (121.42 ± 11.75) t/ha) of the Korean pine forests by PCRBT was similar to that of control (−8.4%−2.7%, P > 0.05), however, the spatial distribution patterns of soil carbon storage were changed by the liberation cutting (on the horizontal distribution, the soil surface carbon storage decreased with increasing of liberation cutting intensity; on the vertical distribution, low-intensity and moderate-intensity liberation cutting made its vertical distribution changed from upper soil layer > middle soil layer ≈ lower soil layer in control forest to upper soil layer > middle soil layer > lower soil layer, or upper soil layer ≈ middle soil layer > lower soil layer). (3) The carbon storage of ecosystem ((189.47 ± 5.16) − (218.44 ± 10.65) t/ha) of the Korean pine forest by PCRBT had been recovered under low intensity LC (−5.3%, P > 0.05), but moderate-intensity and high-intensity LC still made them significantly lower than that of control by 9.3% and 13.3% (P < 0.05), and the carbon storage distribution ratio of the ecosystem was slightly changed by all the three intensity LC treatments (the carbon storage ratio of vegetation was reduced by 3.06% − 4.57%). (4) The NPP ((8.02 ± 0.79) − (9.51 ± 0.79) t/ha) and ANCS ((3.72 ± 0.37) − (4.42 ± 0.37) t/ha) of the Korean pine forest under low intensity liberation cutting treatment had been restored (−11.5% and −9.7%, P > 0.05), while moderate-intensity and high-intensity liberation cutting still made them significantly lower than that of control by 15.4%−15.7% and 14.0%−15.8% (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference among the different liberation cutting intensity treatments (which because the net primary productivity and the annual net carbon sequestration of upper canopy broadleaf trees decreased by 20.8%−25.6% and 19.3%−24.5%, however, those of Korean pine under canopy increased by 0.90−1.12 t/ha and 0.43−0.52 t/ha, with the liberation cutting intensities increasing).
        Conclusion  Low-intensity liberation cutting has made the ecosystem carbon storage and annual net carbon sequestration amount of the Korean pine forests by planting conifer and reserving broadleaved tree restored after 30 years, while moderate-intensity and high-intensity liberation cutting made them significantly reduce by 9.1%−14.3% and 14.3%−16.7% in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains. Therefore, from the perspective of maintaining forest carbon sink, it is more appropriate to adopt low intensity liberation cutting in the management practice of the secondary forest restoring zonal climax vegetation.

       

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