Effects of different soil water potentials on seedling growth rhythm and seedling quality of Populus tomentosa
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摘要:目的 探讨苗圃育苗过程中不同土壤水势条件下毛白杨苗木的生长节律、形态及生理响应规律，为制定合理灌溉方案提供参考。方法 以毛白杨1年生苗为材料，设置3个土壤水势阈值（−20、−40、−60 kPa，即灌溉起始阈值），并以生产上常规灌溉作为对照（灌溉起始阈值 < −80 kPa），通过Logistic方程拟合苗木生长模型并划分生长阶段，研究不同土壤水势下毛白杨苗木生长节律、苗高地径生长、生物量分配和养分含量的变化。结果 （1）与常规灌溉（CK）相比，以−20 kPa作为灌溉起始阈值能够显著促进苗木生长，苗高、地径平均提高了29.33%和24.12%，生物量显著增加了176.17%，且茎根比优于−40和−60 kPa处理。（2）不同土壤水势处理下，毛白杨苗高、地径苗期生长均呈现“S”型曲线，且Logistic方程拟合效果较好，可以用来进行苗高和地径生长的预测和分析；同时苗木苗高与茎生物量、地径和根生物量显著正相关，可以通过苗高、地径的测量值估算苗木生物量。（3）根据毛白杨1年生苗木的苗高生长规律可将生长期划分为4个阶段：成活期，移苗至移苗后15 d；生长初期，移苗后16 ~ 53 d；速生期，移苗后54 ~ 138 d；木质化期，移苗后139 ~ 220 d。（4）毛白杨苗木茎养分质量分数无明显变化规律，根养分质量分数随土壤水势升高总体呈降低趋势，常规灌溉下苗木茎、根养分质量分数最大，显著高于各处理15.14% ~ 46.43%；养分单株质量规律与质量分数规律相反，−20 kPa处理下苗木各养分单株质量最大，高于常规灌溉处理 100.08% ~ 237.51%。（5）以−20 kPa作为灌溉起始阈值时，苗木质量指数综合评定结果最优，苗木质量最佳。结论 土壤水势对毛白杨苗木的生长和生物量积累有显著影响，距地表10 cm处以−20 kPa作为速生期灌溉起始阈值时，苗木的苗高、地径、生物量和养分单株质量最大。Abstract:Objective This research was carried out to study the effect of different soil water potentials on seedling growth rhythm, morphology and physiology of Populus tomentosa seedlings, so as to provide a scientific basis for precision irrigation strategy and parameters.Method One-year-old Populus tomentosa seedlings were used as materials and treated with three water potential conditions (−20, −40, −60 kPa of soil water potential threshold) and conventional irrigation was used as control (initial irrigation threshold < −80 kPa), then Logistic equation was adopted to establish seedling growth model and divide the growth stage, and the changes of seedling growth rhythm, biomass allocation and nutrient accumulation under different soil water potentials were studied.Result (1) Compared with CK, seedling height and ground diameter increased by 29.33% and 24.12% on average, while biomass was significantly increased by 176.17% under −20 kPa treatment, shoot to root ratio of seedlings under −20 kPa treatment was superior to −40 and −60 kPa treatments. (2) Under different soil water potential treatments, seedling height and ground diameter presented a curve changed like “S” and significantly fitted with Logistic equation, which can therefore be used to predict the seedling growth. Stem and root biomass were significantly correlated with seedling height and ground diameter, respectively, so seedling biomass can be predicted referring to seedling height and ground diameter. (3) The growth phase according to one-year-old P. tomentosa seedling height growth can be divided into 4 stages: establishment phase, from transplanting to 15 d after transplanting; early growth phase, 16 to 53 d; rapid growth phase, 54 to 138 d; and hardening phase: 139 to 220 d. (4) Nutrient concentration of P. tomentosa seedling shoot showed no significant trend, but root concentration showed a tendency of dropping with the increase of soil water potential. The highest stem and root nutrient concentration was found in CK, which was 15.14%−46.43% higher than other treatments; while nutrient content had the opposite pattern, that is, under −20 kPa treatment, the nutrient content was the highest, 100.08%−237.51% higher than CK. (5) P. tomentosa seedlings had the best seedling integrated evaluation results and seedling quality under −20 kPa treatment.Conclusion Soil water potential has significant effects on seedling growth and biomass allocation of Populus tomentosa seedlings. The seedlings have the highest height, ground diameter, biomass and nutrient content when −20 kPa is chosen as irrigation threshold of 10 cm from the surface, the seedling height, ground diameter, biomass and nutrient mass per plant are the largest.
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Keywords:
- soil water potential /
- Populus tomentosa /
- growth rhythm /
- seedling quality /
- directive breeding
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图 1 毛白杨苗木苗高、地径净增长量动态
Figure 1. Dynamics of P. tomentosa seedling height and RCD net growth
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图 2 不同灌溉水平下毛白杨苗高、地径生长动态与Logistic曲线
Figure 2. Growth dynamics of P. tomentosa seedling height, RCD and its Logistic fitting curves
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图 3 不同水势下毛白杨苗木矿质养分和非结构性碳单株质量
大写字母与小写字母为Duncan多重比较结果，不同字母表示差异显著（P < 0.05）。Capital letters and lowercase letters are Duncan’s multiple comparison results, and different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).
Figure 3. Seedling mineral nutrients and non-structural carbohydrate mass of P. tomentosa seedlings under different soil water potentials
表 1 不同土壤水势下毛白杨苗木苗高、地径生长过程表现
Table 1 Growth process of seedling height and ground diameter of Populus tomentosaseedlings under different soil water potentials
移栽后天数
Days after transplanting苗高 Seedling height/cm 地径 Root collar diameter (RCD) /mm A B C CK A B C CK 0 13.57 ± 1.52a 13.57 ± 1.52a 13.57 ± 1.52a 13.57 ± 1.52a 2.95 ± 0.33a 2.95 ± 0.33a 2.95 ± 0.33a 2.95 ± 0.33a 30 26.59 ± 3.95a 26.53 ± 2.58a 26.83 ± 3.78a 26.04 ± 4.10a 4.21 ± 0.57a 4.27 ± 0.37a 3.89 ± 0.35b 4.06 ± 0.46ab 45 60.75 ± 9.17a 56.56 ± 5.71b 55.18 ± 4.18bc 52.82 ± 6.87c 6.78 ± 1.00a 6.75 ± 0.56a 5.66 ± 0.45c 6.07 ± 0.66b 60 118.51 ± 15.10a 101.69 ± 11.50b 88.27 ± 8.44c 78.23 ± 8.48d 9.41 ± 0.96a 8.82 ± 0.74b 7.53 ± 0.64c 7.77 ± 0.91c 75 182.96 ± 20.12a 160.99 ± 14.55b 129.80 ± 11.54c 127.67 ± 15.31c 15.79 ± 2.02a 13.61 ± 1.46b 11.35 ± 1.22c 11.63 ± 1.28c 100 233.31 ± 19.66a 213.63 ± 19.41b 185.11 ± 14.85c 171.12 ± 18.86d 20.09 ± 2.48a 18.06 ± 1.88b 15.05 ± 1.44c 14.91 ± 1.65c 115 289.30 ± 22.00a 268.79 ± 19.33b 235.22 ± 18.09c 219.25 ± 21.59d 23.96 ± 2.53a 21.96 ± 1.95b 18.24 ± 1.80c 18.59 ± 2.18c 130 347.75 ± 24.56a 332.14 ± 22.15b 298.81 ± 23.93c 264.54 ± 24.97d 27.58 ± 2.99a 24.53 ± 2.31b 21.08 ± 2.13c 20.30 ± 2.43c 147 372.43 ± 24.61a 353.15 ± 23.84b 319.31 ± 24.52c 284.39 ± 27.31d 28.23 ± 3.21a 25.41 ± 2.07b 22.16 ± 2.26c 20.96 ± 2.67d 170 399.00 ± 24.77a 370.38 ± 24.97b 337.67 ± 25.38c 297.00 ± 32.11d 29.94 ± 3.57a 26.80 ± 2.40b 23.25 ± 2.38c 21.57 ± 2.87d 195 399.00 ± 24.77a 370.38 ± 24.97b 337.67 ± 25.38c 297.00 ± 32.11d 31.13 ± 3.70a 27.66 ± 1.92b 23.80 ± 2.20c 22.18 ± 2.93d 220 399.00 ± 24.77a 370.38 ± 24.97b 337.67 ± 25.38c 297.00 ± 32.11d 31.13 ± 3.70a 27.66 ± 1.92b 23.80 ± 2.20c 22.18 ± 2.93d 注：A、B、C分别代表3种不同灌溉起始阈值，CK为对照。小写字母为Duncan多重比较结果，同行相同字母表示不同处理间差异不显著，不同字母表示差异显著（P < 0.05）。下同。Notes: A, B and C represent three different irrigation threshold values, respectively, CK means control. Lowercase letters are Duncan multiple comparison results, the same letter in the same row indicates that the difference between varied treatments is not significant, and different letters indicate that the difference is significant (P < 0.05). The same below. 
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表 2 不同灌溉水平下毛白杨苗木苗高、地径Logistic方程及回归假设检验
Table 2 Logistic equations of P. tomentosa seedling height, RCD underdifferent water conditions and the regression test
指标
Index处理
Treatment回归方程
Regression equationR2 P 苗高
Seedling heightA y = 409.178/(1 + 30.569exp(−0.038x)) 0.993 < 0.001 B y = 380.379/(1 + 30.022exp(−0.039x)) 0.994 < 0.001 C y = 349.519/(1 + 30.081exp(−0.037x)) 0.994 < 0.001 CK y = 305.991/(1 + 28.810exp(−0.038x)) 0.995 < 0.001 地径
Root coolar diameterA y = 31.683/(1 + 17.074exp(−0.035x)) 0.995 < 0.001 B y = 28.212/(1 + 14.903exp(−0.034x)) 0.997 < 0.001 C y = 24.539/(1 + 13.899exp(−0.032x)) 0.995 < 0.001 CK y = 22.694/(1 + 12.412exp(−0.034x)) 0.993 < 0.001
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表 3 不同灌溉水平下毛白杨苗木苗高、地径生长节律参数
Table 3 Growth rhythm parameters of seedling height and RCD of P. tomentosa
处理
Treatment苗高生长节律
Seedling height growth rhythm地径生长节律
RCD growth rhythmt1/d t2/d T/d Tm/d Vm/（cm·d−1） Vt/（cm·d−1） Lg/cm t1/d t2/d T/d Tm/d Vm/（mm·d−1） Vt/（mm·d−1） Lg/mm A 52 149 92 86 3.77 3.31 253.38 43 140 97 81 0.28 0.24 21.38 B 54 148 94 87 3.60 3.16 239.15 41 139 98 82 0.23 0.21 19.63 C 55 147 92 92 3.22 2.83 221.38 41 134 93 82 0.20 0.17 17.96 CK 53 138 85 88 2.82 2.47 198.65 35 128 93 76 0.19 0.16 14.63 注：t1、t2分别为速生期开始和结束时间，T为速生期持续时间，Tm为速生期最大生长速率出现时间；Vm、Vt分别为速生期最大生长速率和速生期平均生长速率，Lg为速生期增长量。Notes: t1, t2, T and Tm represent start time, end time, length of fast growing phase and the maximum growth rate appear time, respectively. Vm, Vt, Lg mean the maximum growth rate, average growth rate and increment at fast growing phase, respectively.
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表 4 毛白杨苗木形态特征和生物量分配
Table 4 Seedling morphology parameters and biomass allocation of P. tomentosa seedlings
处理
Treatment苗高 Seedling height/cm 地径
RCD/mm苗高/地径
Seedling height/ RCD茎生物量
Stem biomass/g根生物量
Root biomass/g茎根比
Shoot/root苗高−茎生物量
相关系数
Seedling height-stem
biomass correlation
coefficient地径−根生物量
相关系数
RCD- root
biomass correlation
coefficientA 399.00 ± 24.77a 31.13 ± 3.70a 12.92 ± 0.97c 456.89 ± 59.36a 302.33 ± 88.36a 1.57 ± 0.22b 0.852** 0.709* B 370.38 ± 24.97b 27.66 ± 1.92b 13.41 ± 0.68b 313.67 ± 77.29b 160.88 ± 37.12b 1.97 ± 0.38a 0.927** 0.941** C 337.67 ± 25.38c 23.80 ± 2.20c 14.23 ± 0.77a 244.33 ± 55.43c 132.67 ± 39.56b 1.89 ± 0.23a 0.892* 0.918** CK 297.00 ± 32.11d 22.18 ± 2.93d 13.45 ± 0.78b 165.44 ± 45.19d 117.56 ± 38.58b 1.61 ± 0.28b 0.889* 0.767* 注：*表示相关性显著（P < 0.05），**表示相关性极显著（P < 0.01）。Notes: * means significant correlation （P < 0.05）, ** means extremely significant correlation（ P < 0.01）.
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表 5 不同土壤水势下毛白杨苗木各器官矿质养分和非结构性碳质量分数
Table 5 Seedling mineral nutrients and non-structural carbohydrate concentration of P. tomentosa seedlings under different soil water potentials
% 组织
Tissue养分
Nutrient处理 Treatment A B C CK 茎 Stem N 1.428 ± 0.047b 1.631 ± 0.084a 1.605 ± 0.045a 1.633 ± 0.09a P 0.099 ± 0.002a 0.102 ± 0.013a 0.097 ± 0.021a 0.109 ± 0.003a K 0.253 ± 0.056a 0.270 ± 0.014a 0.283 ± 0.025a 0.273 ± 0.023a 淀粉 Starch 2.449 ± 0.391a 2.582 ± 0.338a 2.407 ± 0.264a 2.515 ± 0.366a 可溶性糖 Soluble sugar 4.239 ± 0.162b 6.428 ± 0.411a 6.071 ± 1.122a 6.124 ± 1.628a 根 Root N 1.745 ± 0.055b 1.762 ± 0.094b 1.771 ± 0.076b 1.917 ± 0.086a P 0.175 ± 0.005ab 0.156 ± 0.023b 0.157 ± 0.007b 0.204 ± 0.022a K 0.452 ± 0.021b 0.508 ± 0.071ab 0.469 ± 0.062b 0.604 ± 0.041a 淀粉 Starch 6.645 ± 0.698b 5.607 ± 0.271c 6.280 ± 0.272b 8.274 ± 0.526a 可溶性糖 Soluble sugar 17.172 ± 2.212ab 16.412 ± 2.412bc 13.703 ± 2.187c 19.772 ± 2.329a
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表 6 苗木质量指数综合评价
Table 6 Comprehensive evaluation of seedling quality index
处理
Treatment苗高
Seedling height地径
RCD生物量
Biomass茎根比
Shoot/
root养分质量分数 Nutrient mass fraction 养分单株质量 Nutrient mass per plant 综合结果
Comprehensive
result位次
RankingN P K 淀粉 Starch 可溶性糖
Soluble
sugarN P K 淀粉 Starch 可溶性糖
Soluble
sugarA 0.485 0.475 0.718 0.622 0.601 0.500 0.530 0.573 0.497 0.719 0.720 0.720 0.721 0.722 0.615 1 B 0.501 0.503 0.575 0.587 0.498 0.378 0.450 0.522 0.394 0.378 0.403 0.418 0.429 0.449 0.463 4 C 0.533 0.461 0.628 0.441 0.357 0.423 0.500 0.450 0.214 0.628 0.629 0.628 0.629 0.629 0.511 2 CK 0.541 0.595 0.492 0.385 0.388 0.568 0.620 0.474 0.480 0.512 0.517 0.519 0.522 0.522 0.510 3 相关系数Correlation coefficient 0.944 0.963 0.732 0.494 0.568 0.995 0.585 0.806 0.503 0.773 0.704 0.757 0.646 0.770 0.731
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