Scanning electron microscope observation on the structure and sensilla of the mouthparts of two species of Dioryctria larvae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
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摘要:
目的 探究赤松梢斑螟幼虫和冷杉梢斑螟幼虫的食物谱差异机制，为两种梢斑螟幼虫取食行为差异提供科学依据。 方法 利用扫描电子显微镜对两种梢斑螟幼虫的口器及感器的超微结构进行观察。 结果 扫描电镜结果表明：两种梢斑螟幼虫口器结构存在差异。赤松梢斑螟幼虫的“内唇”有两处骨化，而冷杉梢斑螟幼虫有3处；赤松梢斑螟幼虫的上颚切齿多于冷杉梢斑螟幼虫；赤松梢斑螟幼虫的吐丝器口大于冷杉梢斑螟幼虫。两种梢斑螟幼虫口器上共有5种感器和一种角质齿，分别是毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、栓锥形感器、指形感器和刺状角质齿。但是，两种梢斑螟幼虫在同一感器的大小和感器分布上存在差异。在赤松梢斑螟幼虫下颚须端部数第1节和第2节连接处着生的锥形感器为Ⅱ型，而冷杉梢斑螟幼虫此处着生的锥形感器则为Ⅲ型。两种梢斑螟幼虫在相同感器之间的长短、形状也有差异。 结论 两种梢斑螟幼虫口器结构的差异是造成取食行为不同的原因之一。此外，相同感器之间长短、形状的差别，对两种梢斑螟幼虫的取食行为也有一定影响。两种梢斑螟幼虫口器上分布的5种感器，在虫体感知寄主植物体组织部位硬度、寄主表面挥发物、气流等方面发挥重要作用，有助于幼虫进行寄主定位。此研究明确了两种梢斑螟幼虫的口器结构及感器种类、数量及分布，并对感器功能进行了讨论。以期为进一步探讨两种梢斑螟幼虫的食物谱差异机制奠定基础。 Abstract:Objective This paper aims to explore the mechanism of the difference in the food spectrum of larvae of Dioryctria sylvestrella and D. abietella, and to provide scientific basis for the difference of feeding behavior between the two species of Dioryctria larvae. Method We observed the ultrastructures of the mouthparts and sensilla of the two species of Dioryctria larvae by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. Result The SEM results showed that there were differences in the structure of the mouthparts of these two species larvae. The epipharynx of D. sylvestrella larvae has ossification in two places, while D. abietella larvae has three places. There were more incisors on the upper mandibular of D. sylvestrella larvae than that on D. abietella larvae. The spinner mouth of D. sylvestrella larvae was larger than that of D. abietella larvae. Both of the two species of Dioryctria larvae had five kinds of sensilla and one kind of keratinous teeth on the mouthparts. They were sensilla trichomes, sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconca, sensilla styloconica, sensillum digitiformium, and spiculesteeth, respestively. However, there were differences in the size and distribution of the same sensilla between the two species. The sensilla basiconca at the junction of the first and second segments counted from the end of the maxillary palp of D. sylvestrella larvae was type Ⅱ, while the sensilla at the same place of D. abietella larvae was type Ⅲ. There were also differences in the length and shape of two species of Dioryctria larvae in the same type of sensilla. Conclusion The difference in the structure of the mouthparts of the two Dioryctria larvae is one of the reasons for the different feeding behaviors. In addition, the difference in length and shape between the same sensilla has a certain effect on the feeding behavior of the two species of Dioryctria larvae. The five kinds of sensilla distributing on the mouthparts of the two species of Dioryctria larvae play an important role in the perception of the hardness of the host plant tissue, the volatiles on the surface of the host, and the airflow, and help the larvae to locate the host. This study clarifies the structure of mouthparts, types, quantity and distribution of the sensilla of the larvae of these two species of Dioryctria, and discusses the functions of sensilla. It is expected to lay a foundation for further exploring the mechanism of food spectrum difference between the larvae of two species of Dioryctria. -
图 1 两种梢斑螟幼虫口器对比图
Lbr.上唇；Lai.下唇；Mn.上颚；Mx.下颚；GA.外颚叶；MP.下颚须；LP.下唇须；SP.吐丝器；Sp.角质齿。 Lbr, labrum; Lai, labium; Mn, mandible; Mx, maxilla; GA, galea; MP, maxillary palp; LP, labial palpus; SP, spinneret; Sp, spicule.
Figure 1. Comparison of the mouthparts of two species of Dioryctria larvae
图 2 赤松梢斑螟幼虫口器扫描电镜图
GA.外颚叶；PA.负须节；MP.下颚须；Mx.下颚；LP.下唇须；SP.吐丝器；Str.毛形感器；Sch.刺形感器；Ss.栓锯形感器；Sp.角质齿。GA, galea; PA, palpiger; MP, maxillary palp; Mx, maxilla; LP, labial palpus; SP, spinneret; Str, sensillum trichodea; Sch, sensillum chaetica; Ss, sensillum styloconica; Sp, spicule.
Figure 2. Scanning electron micrograph of the mouthparts of Dioryctria sylvestrella larvae
图 3 赤松梢斑螟幼虫口器扫描电镜图
Sch.刺形感器；Sb.锥形感器；Ss.栓锥形感器；Sd.指形感器。Sch, sensillum chaetica; Sb, sensillum basiconca; Ss, sensillum styloconica; Sd, sensillum digitiformium.
Figure 3. Scanning electron micrograph of the mouthparts of the Dioryctria sylvestrella larvae
图 4 冷杉梢斑螟幼虫口器扫描电镜图
GA.外颚叶；PA.负须节；MP.下颚须；Mx.下颚；LP.下唇须；SP.吐丝器；Str.毛形感器；Sch.刺形感器；Sp.角质齿。GA, gale; PA, palpiger; MP, maxillary palp; Mx, maxilla; LP, labial palpus; SP, spinneret; Str, sensillum trichodea; Sch, sensillum chaetica; Sp, spicule.
Figure 4. Scanning electron micrograph of the mouthparts of the Dioryctria abietella larvae
图 5 冷杉梢斑螟幼虫口器扫描电镜图
Sch.刺形感器；Sb.锥形感器；Ss.栓锥形感器；Sd.指形感器。Sch, sensillum chaetica; Sb, sensillum basiconca; Ss, sensillum styloconica; Sd, sensillum digitiformium.
Figure 5. Scanning electron micrograph of the mouthparts of the Dioryctria abietella larvae
图 6 两种梢斑螟幼虫“内唇”对比图
Eip.“内唇”；Sp.角质齿。Eip, epipharynx; Sp, spicule.
Figure 6. Comparison of the epipharynx of two species of Dioryctria larvae
图 7 两种梢斑螟幼虫上颚对比图
T1-T5.切齿；Mo.臼齿；Co.骨突。T1-T5, incisor cusps; Mo, molar; Co, condyle.
Figure 7. Comparison of the upper jaw of two species of Dioryctria larvae
图 8 两种梢斑螟幼虫吐丝器对比图
SP.吐丝器。SP, spinneret.
Figure 8. Comparison of the spinneret of two species of Dioryctria larvae
表 1 两种梢斑螟幼虫口器各种感器对比
Table 1. Various sensillae present on the mouthparts of two species of Dioryctria larvae
口器
Mouthpart感器类型 Sensilla 赤松梢斑螟
Dioryctria sylvestrella冷杉梢斑螟
Dioryctria abietella上颚
Mandible毛形感器Ⅱ
Sensilla trichodea Ⅱ（StrⅡ）长度 Length 107.49 ± 37.07a 214.69 ± 42.59b 宽度 Width 10.37 ± 1.42a 11.89 ± 3.36a 下颚
Maxilla外颚叶的刺形感器Ⅰ
Sensilla chaetica Ⅰ（SchⅠ） of galea长度 Length 52.95 ± 11.03 a 49.55 ± 4.70 a 宽度 Width 5.9 ± 0.75a 6.59 ± 0.58a 负须节的刺形感器Ⅰ
Sensilla chaetica Ⅰ（SchⅠ） of palpiger长度 Length 109.09 ± 11.62a 100.94 ± 20.28a 宽度 Width 9.21 ± 0.72a 8.81 ± 0.95a 刺形感器Ⅱ
Sensilla chaetica Ⅱ（SchⅡ）长度 Length 20.80 ± 2.41a 24.43 ± 3.47a 宽度 Width 4.64 ± 1.01a 3.88 ± 0.92a 锥形感器Ⅰ
Sensillum basiconca Ⅰ（SbⅠ）长度 Length 10.24 ± 2.26a 8.97 ± 2.17a 宽度 Width 2.16 ± 0.53a 2.48 ± 0.36a 锥形感器Ⅱ
Sensillum basiconca Ⅱ（SbⅡ）长度 Length 6.32 ± 0.58a 5.93 ± 0.72a 宽度 Width 2.17 ± 0.18a 2.05 ± 0.35a 锥形感器Ⅲ
Sensillum basiconca Ⅲ（SbⅢ）长度 Length 17.26 ± 1.31a 11.21 ± 2.50b 宽度 Width 2.01 ± 0.34a 2.31 ± 0.72a 锥形感器Ⅳ
Sensilla chaetica Ⅳ（SbⅣ）长度 Length 52.62 ± 9.13a 65.32 ± 10.88a 宽度 Width 12.51 ± 3.49a 16.37 ± 4.04a 栓锥形感器Ⅰ
Sensillum styloconica Ⅰ（SsⅠ）长度 Length 42.21 ± 2.81a 48.55 ± 5.12b 宽度 Width 16.29 ± 0.70a 14.67 ± 0.60b 指形感器
Sensillum digitiformium （Sd）长度 Length 23.49 ± 1.99a 21.88. ± 1.59a 宽度 Width 8.12 ± 1.60a 7.14 ± 1.33a 毛形感器Ⅰ
Sensillum trichodea Ⅰ（StrⅠ）长度 Length 209.15 ± 29.02a 215.97 ± 21.64a 宽度 Width 13.32 ± 1.48a 11.19 ± 1.80a 下唇
Labium刺形感器Ⅱ
Sensilla chaetica Ⅱ（SchⅡ）长度 Length 24.06 ± 6.76a 31.57 ± 10.01b 宽度 Width 4.03 ± 0.69a 4.39 ± 0.48a 栓锥形感器Ⅱ
Sensillum styloconica Ⅱ（SsⅡ）长度 Length 40.31 ± 7.37a 79.79 ± 8.43b 宽度 Width 9.88 ± 0.88a 10.59 ± 0.66a 注：数据为平均数 ± 标准差，同一行标不同小写字母表示差异显著（P < 0.05）。表中差异显著性采用T检验计算。Notes: data are presented as mean ± SD, different small letters in the same line indicate significant differences（ P < 0.05）. The significance of differences in the table is calculated by T-test. 
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