Construction and application of ontology based knowledge graph for afforestation tree species
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摘要:
目的 随着大数据、人工智能等信息技术的蓬勃发展，各领域信息服务方式由数据服务向知识服务转变。本文抓住林业知识繁杂、多源异构、知识获取困难等问题，通过研究基于本体的造林树种知识图谱的构建方法与应用场景，以期为造林领域提供一种更为有效的知识组织和表达方式。 方法 本文以造林树种相关知识为研究对象，以造林工作实际需求为出发点，通过与造林领域专家讨论交流，采用七步法构建了涵盖造林树种、病虫害、专家、机构、省份、应用产品、造林技术7类概念，树种别名、拉丁学名、林种类型等12种属性，分布、应用、研究等7种关系的造林树种本体模型，依据造林树种本体模型定义的实体、属性及关系构建了造林树种知识图谱，设计并实现基于造林树种知识图谱的相关知识应用。 结果 论文将知识图谱技术应用于造林树种实际场景完成了造林树种知识图谱的构建，实现了基于造林树种知识图谱的知识问答、知识可视化功能，为造林领域研究人员及工作者提供知识服务。此外，论文提出造林树种知识问答、GIS地图以及树种图片相结合的地图服务模式，搭建了造林树种地图服务平台，实现以“GIS地图 + 树种图片 + 文字描述”的方式表达造林树种在空间位置上的适宜性问题。 结论 论文构建的造林树种本体模型可为后续知识复用与知识共享提供数据支撑，基于知识图谱实现的知识问答、知识可视化以及GIS地图服务平台，有效地解决了林业知识多源异构、数据价值低、获取困难等问题，实现了领域信息资源从数据服务向知识服务的转变。后续研究需进一步扩充造林树种知识图谱的知识规模，探索更多基于知识图谱的应用场景，为林业发展与科学研究提供高质量的知识服务。 Abstract:Objective With the vigorous development of big data, artificial intelligence and other information technologies, information services in various fields have been transformed from data services to knowledge services. This paper captures the problems of complicated, multi-source heterogeneous and difficult access to forestry knowledge, and through the research on construction method and application scenario of knowledge graph of afforestation tree species based on ontology, in order to provide a more effective way to organize and express knowledge in the field of afforestation. Method This article takes the knowledge related to afforestation tree species as the research object, takes the actual needs of afforestation work as the research hotspot, and constructs an afforestation tree species ontology covering seven types of concepts such as afforestation tree species, diseases and pests, experts, organizations, provinces, application products and afforestation technology, 12 attributes such as tree species alias, Latin name and forest species type, and seven relationships such as distribution, application and research by discussing and exchanging with experts in afforestation field using the seven-step method. A knowledge graph of afforestation tree species was constructed based on the entities, attributes, and relationships defined in the ontology model of afforestation tree species. Relevant knowledge applications based on the knowledge graph of afforestation tree species were designed and implemented. Result The research applied the knowledge graph technology to the actual scenario of afforestation tree species and completed the construction of knowledge graph, realized the knowledge Q&A and knowledge visualization based on afforestation tree species knowledge graph, and provided knowledge services for researchers and workers in afforestation field. In addition, the study proposed a map service model combining knowledge Q&A of afforestation tree species, GIS map and tree species pictures, and built a GIS map service platform of afforestation tree species to realize the problem of suitability of afforestation tree species in spatial location by “GIS map + tree species pictures + text description”. Conclusion The ontology model of afforestation tree species constructed in this thesis provides the possibility of subsequent knowledge reuse and sharing. The realized knowledge graph of afforestation tree species, knowledge Q&A of afforestation tree species and GIS map service platform effectively solve the problems of multi-source, heterogeneity, low data value and difficult access of forestry knowledge, and realize the transformation of domain information resources from data service to knowledge services. The knowledge scale of the knowledge graph of afforestation tree species needs to be further expanded and more application scenarios based on the knowledge graph need to be explored in subsequent studies, with the view to providing high-quality knowledge services for forestry development and research. -
图 2 造林树种本体可视化
图中不同颜色的图形分别代表本体模型的不同组成部分，用于区分实体、属性、属性值以及关系。 Different colors in the figure represent varied components of the ontology model and are used to distinguish concept, properties, attribute values, and relationship.
Figure 2. Ontology visualization of afforestation tree species
图 4 造林树种知识图谱可视化
该图为造林树种知识图谱部分截图，本研究仅构建了中文知识图谱。This is a screenshot of the knowledge graph of afforestation tree species, and this study only constructs a Chinese knowledge graph.
Figure 4. Visualization of knowledge atlas of afforestation tree species
图 5 造林树种知识问答系统实现流程
Figure 5. Knowledge question answering system of afforestation tree species
图 6 造林树种知识问答界面
该图为造林树种知识问答实际界面，目前仅搭建了中文界面。This figure is the Q&A interface of afforestation tree species knowledge, which is only in Chinese at present.
Figure 6. Knowledge Q&A interface for afforestation tree species
图 7 造林树种地图服务
该图为造林树种地图服务界面，目前仅搭建了中文界面。This figure is the service interface of afforestation tree species map, and currently, only the Chinese interface has been built.
Figure 7. Afforestation tree species map service
表 1 定义本体概念
Table 1. Defining ontology concepts
概念名称 Concept name 释义 Paraphrase 概念实例 Concept instance 造林树种
Afforestation tree species描述主要造林树种情况
Describing the condition of main afforestation tree species胡杨、红松
Populus euphratica, Pinus koraiensis应用产品
Application product描述造林树种的用途及加工产品
Describing the uses of afforestation species and processed products建材、家具
Building materials, furniture省份
Province描述树种、机构的分布情况
Describing the distribution of tree species and structures北京、河南
Beijing, Henan病虫害
Diseases and pest描述造林树种的病虫害
Describing the pests and diseases of tree species for afforestation白粉病、美国白蛾
Powdery mildew, fall webworm造林技术
Afforestation technology描述树种的育苗和造林方法
Describing seedling and afforestation methods for tree species播种育苗、直播造林
Raising seedling by sowing, direct seeding afforestation专家
Expert描述造林树种的相关研究专家
Describing the relevant experts of tree species for afforestation沈国舫、张守攻
Shen Guofang, Zhang Shougong机构
Organization描述研究专家的就职机构
Describing the institution where the research specialist works北京林业大学
Beijing Forestry University
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表 2 定义概念属性
Table 2. Defining concept properties
属性名称
Property name定义域
Domain值域类型
Value domain type属性实例
Property instance树种别名 Tree species alias 造林树种
Afforestation tree speciesString 银杏−树种别名−白果 Ginkgo biloba-alias-ginkgo 拉丁学名 Latin name 造林树种
Afforestation tree speciesString 桑−拉丁学名−Morus alba Morus alba-latin name-Morus alba 林种类型 Forest species type 造林树种
Afforestation tree speciesString 茶树−林种类型−经济林
Camellia sinensis-forest species type-economic forest生长类型 Growth type 造林树种
Afforestation tree speciesString 红松−生长类型−常绿乔木
Pinus koraiensis-growth type-evergreen tree属中文名
Genus Chinese name造林树种
Afforestation tree speciesString 水曲柳−属中文名−白蜡属
Fraxinus mandschurica-genus Chinese name-Fraxinus学历 Academic degree 专家 Expert String 曹福亮−学历−博士研究生
Cao Fuliang-academic degree-doctoral candidate技术职称 Technical title 专家 Expert String 王战−技术职称−研究员 Wang Zhan-technical title-researcher 学术头衔 Academic title 专家 Expert String 刘旭−学术头衔−院士 Liu Xu-academic title-academician 研究领域 Research field 专家 Expert String 张守攻−研究领域−森林培育
Zhang Shougong-research field-forest cultivation机构类型 Organization type 机构 Organization String 南京林业大学−机构类型−高等院校
Nanjing Forestry University-organization type-institutions of
higher learning机构简称
Organization abbreviation机构 Organization String 北京林业大学−简称−北林
Beijing Forestry University-organization abbreviation-BL所属区域 Region 省份 Organization String 吉林−所属区域−东北地区 Jilin-region-northeast
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表 3 定义概念间关系
Table 3. Defining relationship between concepts
关系名称
Relationship name定义域
Define domain值域
Value domain关系实例
Relationship instance分布
Distributed造林树
Afforestation tree species省份
Province油茶−分布−安徽
Camellia oleifera-distributed-Anhui危害
Harm病虫害
Diseases and pest造林树种
Afforestation tree species煤污病−危害−桤木
Sooty mould-harm-Alnus cremastogyne研究
Research专家
Expert造林树种
Afforestation tree species范辉华−研究−木荷
Fan Huihua-research-Schima superba位于
Located in机构
Organization省份
Province中国农业大学−位于−北京
China Agricultural University-located in-Beijing应用
Applied to造林树
Afforestation tree species应用产品
Application product香樟树−应用−家具
Cinnamomum camphora-applied to-furniture就职
Take office专家
Expert机构
Organization周以良−就职−东北林业大学
Zhou Yiliang-take office-Northeast Forestry University采用
Used in造林树种
Afforestation tree species造林技术
Afforestation technology水曲柳−采用−植苗造林
Fraxinus mandschurica-used in-seedling afforestation
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表 4 造林树种相关知识及其数量
Table 4. Relative knowledge and quantity of afforestation tree species
类型 Type 数量 Amount 示例 Example 造林树种 Afforestation tree species 453 红松、油茶 Pinus koraiensis, Camellia oleifera 应用产品 Application product 61 家具、造纸 Furniture, papermaking 省份 Province 34 北京、山东 Beijing, Shandong 病虫害 Diseases and pest 181 苗木茎腐病、天牛科 Stem rot of seedlings, Cerambycidae 造林技术 Afforestation technology 42 插条育苗、直播造林 Cutting seedling cultivation, direct seeding 专家 Expert 523 沈国舫、曹福亮 Shen Guofang, Cao Fuliang 机构 Organization 66 北京林业大学、南京林业大学 Beijing Forestry University, Nanjing Forestry University
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表 5 问题类型模板
Table 5. Question type template
标签 Label 问题模板类型 Question template type 问题举例 Example of question 1 某实体 An entity 绿竹/油茶？ Bambusa oldhamii or Camellia oleifera? 2 某造林树种的拉丁学名 Latin name of an afforestation tree species 欧洲白榆的拉丁学名是什么？ What is the Latin name of European white elm? 3 某造林树种的别名 Alias for an afforestation tree species 文冠果的别名是什么？ What is the alias of Xanthoceras sorbifolia? 4 某造林树种的林种类型 Forest species type of an afforestation tree species 水曲柳的林种类型是什么？ What is the forest species type of Fraxinus mandschurica？ 5 某造林树种的生长类型 Growth type of an afforestation tree species 红松的生长类型是什么？ What is the growth type of Pinus koraiensis？ 6 某造林树种的属中文名 Genus Chinese name of an afforestation tree species 早竹的属名是什么？ What is the genus name of Phyllostachys praecox? 7 某专家的学历 Education background of an expert 曹福亮的学历？ What’s the education background of Cao Fuliang? 8 某专家的技术职称 Technical title of an expert 曹福亮的技术职称？ What’s the technical title of Cao Fuliang? 9 某专家的学术头衔 Academic title of an expert 曹福亮的学术头衔？ What’s the academic title of Cao Fuliang? 10 某专家的研究领域 Research field of an expert 曹福亮的研究领域？ What’s the research field of Cao Fuliang? 11 某机构的简称 Abbreviation of an organization 北京林业大学的简称？ What’s the abbreviation of Beijing Forestry University? 12 某机构的类型 Type of an organization 中国林业科学研究院的类型？ What’s the type of Chinese Academy of Forestry? 13 某省份的所属区域 The region of a province 北京的所属区域/华北地区包括哪些省市？ Region of Beijing/which provinces and cities are included in the North China region? 14 某造林树种的分布省份 The province an afforestation tree species is distributed 毛竹分布在哪/毛竹的适宜地/毛竹生长在哪些省份？ Where is Phyllostachys edulis distributed/suitable location for Phyllostachys edulis/provinces where Phyllostachys edulis grows? 15 某造林树种的应用产品 Application products of an afforestation tree species 油茶有哪些用途/应用产品？ What is the use of Camellia oleifera/application products? 16 某造林树种采用的技术 Techniques adopted for a certain afforestation tree species 蓝靛果可采用的育苗方法？ What seedling raising methods can be used for Lonicera caerulea? 17 某病虫害危害的树种 Tree species harmed by certain pests and diseases 白粉病危害的造林树种？/危害水杉的病虫害有哪些？ Afforestation tree species affected by powdery mildew/What are the pests and diseases harming Metasequoia glyptostroboides? 18 某专家研究的造林树种 Afforestation tree species studied by an expert 研究红松的专家有哪些？/哪些专家研究红松？ Who are the experts studying Korean pine/Which experts study Pinus koraiensis? 19 某专家的就职机构 Employment agency of an expert 沈国舫院士就职于？ Where does academician Shen Guofang work? 20 某机构的位置 Location of an organization 浙江省有哪些农林业机构？/北京林业大学在哪？ What are the agricultural and forestry institutions in Zhejiang Province?/Where is Beijing Forestry University? 21 专家1和专家2的就职机构 Employment institutions of expert 1 and expert 2 专家王湘南和张守攻的就职单位是什么？ What are the employment units of experts Wang Xiangnan and Zhang Shougong? 22 某机构的某专家研究的树种 Tree species studied by an expert from a certain institution 南京林业大学的曹福亮教授研究哪些树种？ Which tree species does professor Cao Fuliang from Nanjing Forestry University study? 23 某树种拉丁学名、用途、分布等 Latin name, use, distribution, etc of a tree species 红松和马尾松的拉丁学名是什么？共同的用途和分布省份？ What are the Latin scientific names of Korean pine and masson pine? What are the common uses and distribution provinces of them?
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