2010—2020年北京市行道树结构特征变化分析

谢晓阳; 崔雅君; 邱尔发; 符庆成

doi:10.12171/j.1000-1522.20210429

2010—2020年北京市行道树结构特征变化分析

doi: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20210429

中国林业科学研究院林业研究所，国家林业和草原局城市森林研究中心，北京 100091

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划（2019YFF0303204）

详细信息

作者简介:
谢晓阳。主要研究方向：人居林培育。Email：992040150@qq.com　地址：100091 北京市海淀区香山路东小府1号

责任作者:
邱尔发，博士，研究员。主要研究方向：从事森林生态学和森林培育学研究。Email：efqiu@163.com　地址：同上

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-10-27
- 录用日期: 2022-03-24
- 修回日期: 2022-03-01
- 网络出版日期: 2022-03-28

Analysis on changes of street trees structure in Beijing from 2010 to 2020

Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Urban Forest Research Center, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, 100091 Beijing, China

摘要

摘要: 目的通过2010和2020年北京市行道树结构特征对比分析，探寻行道树结构特征10年变化趋势，发现目前行道树结构存在的主要问题，为后期行道树栽植和管理提供理论依据和参考。方法分别在2010年和2020年6—9月，对北京市六环内道路采用典型抽样方法，选择相同地段，对行道树进行每木检尺。从不同角度分析北京市城区行道树的树种组成、应用频度、重要值和冠幅结构10年变化情况。结果 10年期间，北京市行道树增加了6科10属8种，变化的树种均为偶见种，乔灌比增大；行道树主要以乡土树种和落叶树种为主，且落叶树种占比不断增加；应用频度排名前10行道树占比总和增加，其中白蜡占比增加最多；黄刺玫应用频度10年间下降比例最大；国槐的重要值下降8.2%，但仍远大于其他树种；行道树平均冠幅降低0.1 m，1级和5级冠幅等级行道树占比均降低；平均冠幅排名前十的行道树冠幅更加集中，其中二球悬铃木在1级冠幅等级下降比例最大。结论北京市行道树存在树种多样性降低，树种结构相对单一，单个树种占比增大等问题，不利于城市道路林生态系统的稳定。因此，北京市行道树应该扩大树种的选择范围，将阔叶落叶乔木树种、常绿灌木和草本植物搭配种植，加强本地种的培育和应用并适当引进价值高的外来树种；同时在城市绿化时，做好树冠结构的保护，增强行道树的遮荫效果。
- 行道树 /
- 树种组成 /
- 变化 /
- 重要值 /
- 冠幅
Abstract: Objective By investigating the changes trend of street trees structure in Beijing from 2010 to 2020, the purpose of the research is to identify the main challenges and give references for street trees establishment and management in the future. Method Typical sampling methods and the same plots were used to investigate every street tree within Sixth ring road in Beijing from June to September in 2010 and 2020. The variation of ten years in street tree species composition, utilization frequency, crown diameter and species important value in Beijing were analyzed from different perspectives. Result Six families, ten genera and eight species have been increased during the last ten years in Beijing, and all of them were occasional species. The proportion of arbor and shrub has also increased. The street trees are mainly native species and deciduous species, with a higher proportion of deciduous species. The total proportion of top ten street tree species ranking by utilization frequency has increased, and proportion of Fraxinus chinensis trees was the highest one, while the decrease in utilization frequency of Rosa xanthina was the highest one in recent decade. The important value of Sophora japonica was still much higher than other street tree species though it was decreased by 8.2%. The average crown diameter of street trees decreased by 0.1m for massiveness of new planted trees. The proportion of street trees in the 1^st and 5^th crown diameter class has decreased. The top ten street tree species ranking by average crown diameter range has narrowed, and the Platanus acerifolia has been the most decreased species in the 1^st crown diameter class. Conclusion The decreasing tree species diversity, and relatively sample tree species composition and higher proportion of single species are the main problems while could affect the stability of urban road vegetation ecosystem in Beijing. Therefore, the range of tree species selection should be broaden, mixed configuration with more broad-leaved deciduous tree species, evergreen shrubs and herbs should be constructed. The cultivation and application of native species should be strengthened, while the high-value exotic tree species should be introduced appropriately. At the same time, we should also protect the tree crown structure to enhance the shading effect of street trees in the urban greening.
- street trees /
- tree species composition /
- change /
- important value /
- crown diameter

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图 1 北京市行道树抽样调查路段分布

Figure 1. Distribution of sampling sections of street trees in Beijing

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图 3 不同时期落叶树种比例

Figure 3. Proportion of deciduous tree species in different periods

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图 2 不同时期乡土树种比例

Figure 2. Proportion of native tree species in different periods

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图 4 株数比例变化前10种行道树

RX.黄刺玫Rosa xanthina; PA.二球悬铃木Platanus acerifolia; FP + FV.洋白蜡 + 绒毛白蜡Fraxinus pennsylvanica + Fraxinus velutina; PO.侧柏Platycladus orientalis; PC.紫叶李Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea; GB.银杏Ginkgo biloba; MM.西府海棠Malus × micromalus; PP.碧桃Amygdalus persica var. persica f. duplex; JC.圆柏Juniperus chinensis; JR.杜松Juniperus rigida

Figure 4. Proportion of top ten street tree species ranking by utilization frequency change

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图 5 不同时期行道树冠幅等级分布

Figure 5. Distribution of tree crown diameter grades of street trees in different periods

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表 1 各道路类型路段抽样数及长度

Table 1. Numbers and lengths of sampled road with different types

道路级别 Road side	路段数 Number of road sections	调查样段总长度 Total length of sampled street trees/km		调查树木总株数 Total number of investigated trees
道路级别 Road side	路段数 Number of road sections	2010	2020	2010	2020
快速路 Expressway	43	89.6	93.8	8 747	10 867
主干路 Main road	94	145.7	160.5	19 626	15 274
次干路 Secondary road	176	182.9	192.2	19 819	19 248
支路 Branch road	212	123.9	143.1	10 668	17 786
合计 Total	525	542.1	608.7	58 860	63 175

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表 2 冠幅分级标准

Table 2. Grading standards for tree crown diameter

指标 Indicators	1级 Level 1	2级 Level 2	3级 Level 3	4级 Level 4	5级 Level 5
冠幅Crown diameter（C）	C ≤ 2 m	2 m < C ≤ 4 m	4 m < C ≤ 6 m	6 m < C ≤ 8 m	C > 8 m

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表 3 2010年和2020年北京市行道树树种组成

Table 3. Changes in tree species composition of street trees in Beijing in 2010 and 2020

类型 Types		2010	2020	新增 Add	消失 Disappear
乔木 Arbor	科 Family	17	24	7	0
	属 Genera	23	34	14	3
	种 Species	33	42	14	5
灌木 Shrub	科 Family	6	5	0	1
	属 Genera	9	8	0	1
	种 Species	9	8	0	1
乡土树种 Native tree species		27（85.4%）	34（85.5%）	12（3.5%）	5（3.4%）
外来树种 Exotic tree species		15（14.6%）	16（14.5%）	2（0.1%）	1（0.2%）
落叶树种 Deciduous tree species		34（92.1%）	43（94.9%）	13（8.4%）	4（5.6%）
常绿树种 Evergreen tree species		8（7.9%）	7（5.1%）	1（1.3%）	2（4.1%）
注：括号内数字为不同类型树种数量占总株数的比例。Notes：The numbers in parentheses are the proportions of different types of tree species to the total number of plants.

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表 4 2010年和2020年株数前10行道树树种比例

Table 4. Proportion of top ten street tree species ranking by utilization frequency in 2010 and 2020

序号 Code	2010		2020
序号 Code	树种 Species	比例 Ratio/%	树种 Species	比例 Ratio/%
1	国槐 Sophora japonica	43.2	国槐 Sophora japonica	44.2
2	毛白杨 Populus tomentosa	7.1	洋白蜡 + 绒毛白蜡 Fraxinus pennsylvanica + Fraxinus velutina	9.7
3	洋白蜡 + 绒毛白蜡 Fraxinus pennsylvanica + Fraxinus velutina	6.9	毛白杨 Populus tomentosa	8.0
4	银杏 Ginkgo biloba	5.3	银杏 Ginkgo biloba	6.8
5	紫叶李 Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea	4.6	二球悬铃木 Platanus acerifolia	5.7
6	黄刺玫 Rosa xanthina	4.0	紫叶李 Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea	3.0
7	栾树 Koelreuteria paniculata	3.7	栾树 Koelreuteria paniculata	2.7
8	臭椿 Ailanthus altissima	3.3	西府海棠 Malus × micromalus	2.5
9	圆柏 Juniperus chinensis	3.0	臭椿 Ailanthus altissima	2.5
10	侧柏 Platycladus orientalis	2.5	圆柏 Juniperus chinensis	1.7

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表 5 北京市主要行道树重要值

Table 5. Important values of street trees in Beijing

序号 Code	2010		2020
序号 Code	树种名称 Species	重要值 Important values/%	树种名称 Species	重要值 Important values/%
1	国槐 Sophora japonica	49.7	国槐 Sophora japonica	41.5
2	毛白杨 Populus tomentosa	10.7	毛白杨 Populus tomentosa	10.9
3	洋白蜡 + 绒毛白蜡 Fraxinus pennsylvanica + Fraxinus velutina	6.4	洋白蜡 + 绒毛白蜡 Fraxinus pennsylvanica + Fraxinus velutina	8.6
4	银杏 Ginkgo biloba	4.6	银杏 Ginkgo biloba	6.2
5	臭椿 Ailanthus altissima	3.2	二球悬铃木 Platanus acerifolia	5.3
6	栾树 Koelreuteria paniculata	3.1	紫叶李 Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea	3.0
7	紫叶李 Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea	2.7	栾树 Koelreuteria paniculata	2.8
8	圆柏 Juniperus chinensis	2.2	臭椿 Ailanthus altissima	2.6
9	二球悬铃木 Platanus acerifolia	2.0	西府海棠 Malus × micromalus	2.2
10	侧柏 Platycladus orientalis	1.7	旱柳 Salix matsudana	2.1

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表 6 不同区域行道树冠幅等级分布

Table 6. Distribution of crown diameter grades of street trees in different districts

时期 Periods	区域 Districts	冠幅等级分布 Distribution of crown diameter grades/%					平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± standard deviation
时期 Periods	区域 Districts	1级 Level 1	2级 Level 2	3级 Level 3	4级 Level 4	5级 Level 5	平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± standard deviation
2010	2环内 Within 2nd Ring	15.8	14.5	29.0	23.3	17.4	5.7 ± 3.0
	2 ~ 3环 2nd-3rd Ring	7.2	15.7	33.9	29.3	13.9	6.0 ± 2.4
	3 ~ 4环 3rd-4th Ring	24.0	16.1	27.3	21.1	11.5	5.0 ± 2.9
	4- ~ 5环 4th-5th Ring	36.9	37.8	17.5	6.1	1.7	3.4 ± 1.8
	5 ~ 6环 5th-th Ring	46.0	28.6	16.5	5.8	3.1	3.2 ± 2.4
2020	2环内 Within 2nd Ring	6.3	28.3	36.6	22.3	6.5	4.9 ± 2.0
	2 ~ 3环 2nd-3rd Ring	7.7	27.0	39.8	20.1	5.4	4.8 ± 1.9
	3 ~ 4环 3rd-4th Ring	9.6	29.4	38.1	18.9	4.0	4.6 ± 1.9
	4 ~ 5环 4th-5th Ring	10.8	34.5	35.0	16.4	3.3	4.4 ± 1.8
	5 ~ 6环 5th-th Ring	12.6	29.7	30.8	23.4	3.5	4.5 ± 2.1

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表 7 不同道路类型行道树冠幅等级分布

Table 7. Distribution of crown diameter grades of street trees in different road types

时期 Periods	道路类型 Road types	冠幅等级分布 Distribution of crown diameter grades/%					平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± standard deviation
时期 Periods	道路类型 Road types	1级 Level 1	2级 Level 2	3级 Level 3	4级 Level 4	5级 Level 5	平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± standard deviation
2010	快速路 Expressway	43.3	20.1	20.2	12.7	3.7	3.6 ± 2.7
	主干路 Main Road	17.5	21.2	27.5	20.3	13.5	5.2 ± 2.8
	次干路 Secondary Road	27.6	22.1	22.4	18.3	9.6	4.7 ± 2.8
	支路 Branch Road	14.4	25.6	31.9	17.6	10.5	5.2 ± 2.7
2020	快速路 Expressway	10.9	28.3	35.2	23.5	2.1	4.6 ± 1.9
	主干路 Main Road	8.3	26.8	31.5	24.2	9.2	5.0 ± 2.1
	次干路 Secondary Road	9.5	31.0	38.2	17.4	3.9	4.5 ± 1.9
	支路 Branch Road	8.4	29.9	38.6	19.6	3.5	4.6 ± 1.8

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表 8 2010年和2020年冠幅排名前10的行道树种比例分布

Table 8. Proportion distribution of top ten street tree species ranking by crown diameter in 2010 and 2020

时期 Period	树种 Tree species	冠幅等级分布 Distribution of crown diameter grades/%					平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± standard deviation
时期 Period	树种 Tree species	1级 Level 1	2级 Level 2	3级 Level 3	4级 Level 4	5级 Level 5	平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± standard deviation
2010	泡桐 Paulownia fortunei	1.00	5.50	12.00	14.50	67.00	8.61 ± 2.22
	垂柳 Salix babylonica	5.81	8.39	21.29	39.35	25.16	7.80 ± 2.13
	毛白杨 Populus tomentosa	4.93	17.71	23.95	40.52	12.89	7.01 ± 2.46
	旱柳 Salix matsudana	12.76	23.28	14.73	30.02	19.21	6.18 ± 2.25
	国槐 Sophora japonica	7.42	18.91	35.43	23.51	14.73	5.96 ± 2.78
	杜仲 Eucommia ulmoides	1.87	10.07	68.63	19.43	0.00	5.90 ± 2.49
	馒头柳 Salix matsudana var. matsudana f. umbraculifera	1.52	28.79	34.85	28.78	6.06	5.75 ± 1.09
	栾树 Koelreuteria paniculata	8.60	19.19	44.89	24.30	3.02	5.52 ± 1.71
	二球悬铃木 Platanus acerifolia	23.93	18.67	24.98	14.98	17.44	5.44 ± 2.06
	臭椿 Ailanthus altissima	4.89	39.81	30.35	13.32	11.63	5.28 ± 1.82
2020	泡桐 Paulownia fortunei	0.00	2.51	22.61	48.25	26.63	6.99 ± 1.57
	香椿 Toona sinensis	2.34	3.91	25.78	64.06	3.91	6.25 ± 1.34
	绦柳 Salix matsudana cv. Pendula	1.81	14.29	46.10	26.47	11.33	5.73 ± 1.87
	毛白杨 Populus tomentosa	1.43	16.77	39.33	32.33	10.14	5.68 ± 1.74
	加拿大杨 Populus × canadensis	1.09	24.75	36.63	32.28	5.25	5.33 ± 1.67
	二球悬铃木 Platanus acerifoli	4.34	21.05	35.17	33.81	5.63	5.31 ± 1.86
	旱柳 Salix matsudana	3.02	15.52	45.25	36.21	0.00	5.27 ± 1.53
	榆树 Ulmus pumila	4.90	25.17	42.66	17.48	9.79	5.11 ± 2.05
	国槐 Sophora japonica	4.33	23.60	41.74	24.34	5.99	5.10 ± 1.81
	栾树 Koelreuteria paniculata	4.42	21.96	43.06	27.77	2.79	5.05 ± 1.67

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