Effects of thinning on canopy characteristics and potential crown fire behavior of Platycladus orientalis in Xishan Forest Farm of Beijing
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摘要:目的 研究不同间伐强度对北京西山试验林场侧柏林冠层可燃物特征及其潜在火行为的影响，为冠层可燃物调控和预防高能量连续型树冠火的发生提供参考。方法 以北京西山试验林场侧柏为研究对象，设置3种间伐强度（低15%、中35%、高50%，均为株数强度）的处理，并设置对照样地，每种处理设置3块重复样地。基于标准枝法所调查冠层可燃物参数（枝条数量、长度、基径），对冠层可燃物载量建立线性回归模型，进一步计算冠层容积密度。通过单因素方差分析探讨不同间伐强度对冠层可燃物特征（冠层可燃物载量、冠层容积密度）的影响。利用Behave Plus 5.0软件，分别根据样地可燃物含水率和气象条件设置中度湿度条件和10 m高空风速（0 ~ 18 m/s），探讨不同间伐强度对树冠潜在火行为指标（树冠火蔓延速率、火线强度、火焰长度、单位面积发热量等）的影响，并依据树冠火转化模型研究抚育间伐对连续型树冠火发生的影响。结果 （1）林分冠层可燃物特征在不同间伐强度下存在差异，中度间伐强度下与未间伐样地差异最显著，冠层可燃物载量、冠层容积密度随着间伐强度的增加而减少，冠层可燃物载量由3.280 kg/m2减少到0.540 kg/m2，冠层容积密度由0.478 kg/m3减少到0.056 kg/m3。（2）不同间伐强度下林分冠层可燃物载量、冠层容积密度垂直分布特征为随树高的增加而先增加后减少。（3）树冠潜在火行为指标在中度间伐强度下与未间伐样地差异显著，其中火线强度、火焰长度以及单位面积发热量随间伐强度的增大而减小，树冠火蔓延速率在抚育间伐后小于未间伐样地，但不随间伐强度的变化而变化，临界树冠火蔓延速率随间伐强度的增大而增大。在未间伐、低度间伐强度下样地将发生连续型树冠火，中度、高度间伐强度样地不发生；随着间伐强度增大，发生连续型树冠火时所需10 m高空风速由6 m/s逐渐增大到8 m/s，火线强度由6 930 kW/m减少到5 829 kW/m，火焰长度由9.7 m减少到8.6 m，单位面积发热量由47 817 kJ/m2减少到40 667 kJ/m2，树冠火蔓延速率由8.7 m/s增加到8.9 m/s。结论 抚育间伐影响冠层可燃物特征、树冠潜在火行为指标。中度间伐强度对冠层可燃物特征和树冠潜在火行为指标影响显著，通过减少冠层容积密度，可以有效降低树冠潜在火行为，避免连续型树冠火的发生。综合考虑经济效益和生态效益，在对侧柏林进行冠层可燃物调控时建议采取中度间伐处理。Abstract:Objective This paper aims to explore the effects of different thinning intensities on canopy fuel characteristics and potential crown fire behavior of Platycladus orientalis in Xishan Experimental Forest Farm in Beijing, so as to provide reference for the regulation of canopy fuel and the prevention of high-energy active crown fire.Method Taking Platycladus orientalis in Xishan Experimental Forest Farm in Beijing as the research object, three thinning intensities (low, 15%; moderate, 35%; high, 50%) and the control were set up, and three repeated sample plots were set for each thinning intensity. Based on the canopy fuel parameters (branch number, length, base diameter) obtained by the standard branch method, a linear regression model was established for canopy fuel load, and the canopy bulk density was further calculated. The effects of different thinning intensities on canopy fuel characteristics (canopy fuel load and canopy bulk density) were discussed by single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). Using BehavePlus 5.0 software, according to the fuel moisture content and meteorological conditions of the sample plots, the humidity condition and 10 m high altitude wind speed (0 − 18 m/s) were set to explore the effects of different thinning intensities on the potential crown fire behavior indexes (crown fire spread rate, fire line intensity, flame length, calorific value per unit area, etc.). According to the crown fire transformation model, the effect of thinning on the occurrence of active crown fire was further studied.Result (1) The characteristics of canopy fuel in different thinning intensities were different and the difference was the most significant between moderate thinning and control. Canopy fuel load and canopy bulk density decreased with the increase of thinning intensity, the former decreased from 3.280 to 0.540 kg/m2 and the latter decreased from 0.478 to 0.056 kg/m3. (2) After thinning with different intensities, the canopy fuel load and canopy bulk density distribution increased at first and then decreased with the increase of tree height. (3) The index of potential crown fire behavior under moderate thinning intensity was significantly different from control, in which the fire line intensity, flame length and calorific value per unit area decreased with the increase of thinning intensity. The canopy fire spread rate after thinning was lower than that of control, but did not change with the change of thinning intensity, and the critical crown fire spread rate increased with the increase of thinning intensity. Active crown fire will occur in the sample plot without thinning and low thinning intensity, and will not occur in the sample plot with moderate and high thinning intensity. With the increase of thinning intensity, the required 10 m high-altitude wind speed for active crown fire gradually increased from 6 to 8 m/s, the fire line intensity decreased from 6 930 to 5 829 kW/m, the flame length decreased from 9.7 to 8.6 m, the calorific value per unit area decreased from 47 817 to 40 667 kJ/m2, and the crown fire spread rate increased from 8.7 to 8.9 m/s.Conclusion Thinning affects canopy fuel characteristics and potential crown fire behavior indicators. Moderate thinning intensity has significant influence on canopy fuel characteristics and potential crown fire behavior indexes. By reducing canopy bulk density, the potential crown fire behavior can be effectively reduced and the occurrence of active canopy fire can be reduced. For Platycladus orientalis, moderate thinning is recommended in the regulation of canopy fuel considering both economic and ecological benefits.
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图 2 不同间伐强度侧柏林冠层容积密度垂直分布
Figure 2. CBD vertical distribution of Platycladus orientalis stand under different thinning intensities
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图 1 不同间伐强度侧柏林冠层可燃物载量垂直分布
Figure 1. CFL vertical distribution of Platycladus orientalis stand under different thinning intensities
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图 3 不同间伐强度侧柏林树冠潜在火行为指标
Figure 3. Potential crown fire behavior indicators of Platycladus orientalis stands under different thinning intensities
表 1 侧柏林样地概况
Table 1 Information of Platycladus orientalis sample plots
处理
Treatment林分密度/（株·hm−2）
Stand density/
(tree·ha−1)平均胸径
Mean DBH/
cm平均树高
Mean tree
height/m林龄/a
Stand age/
year海拔
Altitude/
m坡度
Slope degree/
(°)坡向
Slope
aspect坡位
Slope
position未间伐
Control (CK)1 863 13.80 10.10 53 439 25 北
North下坡
Down slope低度间伐
Low intensity thinning (LT)1 565 14.37 11.81 53 268 20 北
North下坡
Down slope中度间伐
Moderate intensity thinning (MT)1 195 13.71 10.70 53 247 21 北
North下坡
Down slope高度间伐
High intensity thinning (HT)600 17.85 11.49 53 177 20 北
North下坡
Down slope
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表 2 冠层各类型可燃物载量回归模型
Table 2 Regression model of different types of canopy load
枝条类型 Branch type 估计参数 Estimation parameter R2 α0 α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 活枝 Live branch −0.578 −0.567 0.950 −0.837 2.511 0.168 0.839 死枝 Dead branch −4.608 0.938 0.473 0.872 1.347 −0.932 0.932
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表 3 不同间伐强度侧柏林冠层可燃物特征
Table 3 Canopy fuel characteristics of Platycladus orientalis under different thinning intensities
处理 Treatment CFL/（kg·m−2） CBD/（kg·m−3） CK 3.280 ± 0.010a 0.478 ± 0.001a LT 3.030 ± 0.011b 0.380 ± 0.001b MT 0.650 ± 0.106c 0.060 ± 0.010c HT 0.543 ± 0.011c 0.050 ± 0.004c 注：不同小写字母分别表示不同间伐强度间差异显著（P < 0.05）。CBD，冠层容积密度；CFL，冠层可燃物载量。Notes: different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments within each date (P < 0.05). CBD, canopy bulk density; CFL, canopy fuel load.
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