Effects of four banyan species on the growth, development and feeding preference of Perina nuda
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摘要:
目的 探究榕透翅毒蛾对不同榕属植物的寄主偏好性和选择性，为榕透翅毒蛾的防治提供科学依据。 方法 以广州市4种榕透翅毒蛾寄主植物（黄金榕、高山榕、垂叶榕、小叶榕）为对象，分析榕透翅毒蛾取食不同榕树叶片后的生长发育和摄食量等指标。 结果 不同榕树饲养的榕透翅毒蛾幼虫龄期存在差异，黄金榕5 ~ 7龄，高山榕、小叶榕和垂叶榕6 ~ 8龄；垂叶榕饲养的榕透翅毒蛾幼虫发育历期最长，而黄金榕饲养的榕透翅毒蛾幼虫发育历期最短；在榕透翅毒蛾幼虫发育的每一龄级，以黄金榕饲养的榕透翅毒蛾幼虫体长、体质量和排泄物鲜质量最大；黄金榕饲养的榕透翅毒蛾幼虫2 ~ 7龄头壳宽最宽（1龄头壳高山榕最宽）；黄金榕和高山榕饲养的榕透翅毒蛾幼虫存活率显著高于垂叶榕和小叶榕；幼虫取食黄金榕的榕透翅毒蛾雌成虫寿命最长，而取食高山榕的雄成虫寿命最长，雌成虫预卵期最短，单雌产卵量最多；1 ~ 4龄幼虫取食黄金榕的5龄幼虫更偏爱取食高山榕，而取食其他3种榕树的5龄幼虫寄主偏好性不明显。 结论 榕透翅毒蛾对4种榕树的偏好性和选择性存在显著的差异，其中黄金榕和高山榕比垂叶榕和小叶榕更适合榕透翅毒蛾幼虫生长发育。 Abstract:Objective In this paper, the host preference and selectivity of Perina nuda to different Ficus species were investigated to provide scientific basis for the control of Perina nuda. Method 4 species of host trees (Ficus macrocarpa, F. altissima, F. benjamina and F. concinna) in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province of southern China were selected to feed P. nuda and the growth, development and feeding amount of P. nuda after feeding on different leaves of banyan were analyzed. Result There were differences in the larval instars of P. nuda reared by different banyan trees. During larval instar, P. nuda fed on F. microcarpa was 5th to 7th instar, that fed on F. altissima, F. concinna and F. benjamina were 6th to 8th instar. The development period of larval of P. nuda fed on F. benjamina was longest while the shortest period was the P. nuda fed on F. microcarpa. Additionally, body length, body mass and fecal mass of P. nuda larval fed on F. microcarpa were at the top among 4 banyan species. In the meanwhile, the 2nd to 7th instar larvae reared by F. microcarpa had the widest head capsule (the 1st instar larvae fed on F. altissima had the widest head capsule). Besides, the survival rates of P. nuda larvae reared by F. microcarpa and F. altissima were significantly higher than those of F. benjamina and F. concinna. Furthermore, the female adults of P. nuda larvae feeding on the F. microcarpa had the longest lifespan, while the male adults feeding on F. altissima had the longest lifespan. It was also showed that the female adult had the shortest pre-ovulation period, and the single female laid the most eggs. Finally, it was found that the larvae fed on F. microcarpa at the 1st to 4th instars preferred to feed on F. altissima at the 5th instar, while the host preferences of 5th instar P. nuda larvae fed on other three banyan species were not obvious. Conclusion There are significant differences in the preference and selectivity of P. nuda to the four banyan species. F. microcarpa and F. altissima are more suitable for the growth and development of P. nuda than F. benjamina and F. concinna. -
Key words:
- Perina nuda /
- Ficus spp. /
- development period /
- survival rate /
- feeding preference
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图 1 不同榕树对榕透翅毒蛾幼虫和蛹存活率的影响
1L、2L、3L、4L、5L、6~8L分别为1龄、2龄、3龄、4龄、5龄、6 ~ 8龄幼虫；PP. 蛹；TT. 总体。同组数据不同字母表示幼虫和蛹的存活率差异显著（P < 0.05）。1L, 2L, 3L, 4L, 5L, and 6−8L mean 1st instar, 2nd instar, 3rd instar, 4th instar, 5th instar and 6th−8th instar, respectively; PP, pupa; TT, total. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in survival rates at larval and pupal stage between different banyan species (P < 0.05).
Figure 1. Effects of banyan species on the survival rates of P. nuda during larval and pupal stages
表 1 不同榕树饲养的榕透翅毒蛾幼虫和蛹发育历期
Table 1. Development period of P. nuda at larval and pupal stages reared by different banyan species
发育阶段
Development stage发育历期 Development period/d 统计分析 Statistical analysis 黄金榕 F. microcarpa 高山榕 F. altissima 小叶榕 F. concinna 垂叶榕 F. benjamina F df P 1龄幼虫 1st instar larva 4.880 ± 0.168b 6.470 ± 0.175a 5.940 ± 0.514a 6.320 ± 0.342a 8.855 3 < 0.001 2龄幼虫 2nd instar larva 3.880 ± 0.149b 4.450 ± 0.176ab 5.000 ± 0.331a 4.930 ± 0.176a 5.073 3 0.003 3龄幼虫 3rd instar larva 4.880 ± 0.200ab 4.690 ± 0.123b 5.690 ± 0.499a 5.800 ± 0.663a 3.225 3 0.027 4龄幼虫 4th instar larva 4.940 ± 0.269a 4.170 ± 0.149a 4.750 ± 0.250a 4.700 ± 0.300a 2.302 3 0.083 5龄幼虫 5th instar larva 4.830 ± 0.220a 4.520 ± 0.202a 4.500 ± 0.195a 4.800 ± 0.291a 0.581 3 0.629 6龄幼虫 6th instar larva 4.880 ± 0.377a 4.680 ± 0.116a 5.330 ± 0.333a 4.900 ± 0.277a 0.763 3 0.519 7龄幼虫 7th instar larva 5.250 ± 0.629ab 4.670 ± 0.211b 6.330 ± 0.333a 5.330 ± 0.373ab 5.364 3 0.004 8龄幼虫 8th instar larva 5.670 ± 0.333 幼虫期 Larval stage 28.070 ± 0.678c 31.570 ± 0.536b 36.750 ± 0.789a 38.600 ± 1.869a 29.434 3 < 0.001 蛹期 Pupal stage 8.320 ± 0.189a 8.290 ± 0.101a 8.420 ± 0.149a 8.560 ± 0.176a 0.389 3 0.761 注：同行不同小写字母表示不同榕树之间差异显著（P < 0.05）。同表2 ~ 5，7。Notes: different lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant differences in different banyan trees (P < 0.05). Same as Tab. 2−5 and 7. 
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表 2 不同榕树饲养的榕透翅毒蛾幼虫体长
Table 2. Body length of P. nuda at larval stages reared by different banyan species
发育阶段
Development stage体长 Body length/mm 统计分析 Statistical analysis 黄金榕 F. microcarpa 高山榕 F. altissima 小叶榕 F. concinna 垂叶榕 F. benjamina F df P 2龄幼虫 2nd instar larva 4.476 ± 0.076a 4.087 ± 0.074b 3.580 ± 0.105c 3.921 ± 0.128b 16.508 3 < 0.001 3龄幼虫 3rd instar larva 5.959 ± 0.119a 5.593 ± 0.216ab 5.036 ± 0.312bc 4.933 ± 0.181c 5.261 3 0.002 4龄幼虫 4th instar larva 9.873 ± 0.303a 7.789 ± 0.278b 7.467 ± 0.368b 6.440 ± 0.223c 19.801 3 < 0.001 5龄幼虫 5th instar larva 14.220 ± 0.531a 9.524 ± 0.336ab 11.120 ± 0.728ab 8.122 ± 0.504c 26.107 3 < 0.001 6龄幼虫 6th instar larva 21.177 ± 0.654a 14.276 ± 0.626ab 13.783 ± 0.729ab 10.560 ± 0.531c 40.018 3 < 0.001 7龄幼虫 7th instar larva 22.300 ± 1.944a 19.536 ± 0.825ab 17.300 ± 1.093bc 14.850 ± 1.017c 6.648 3 0.001 8龄幼虫 8th instar larva 18.433 ± 1.323
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表 3 不同榕树饲养的榕透翅毒蛾幼虫体质量
Table 3. Mass of P. nuda at larval stages reared by different banyan species
发育阶段
Development stage体质量 Body mass/g 统计分析 Statistical analysis 黄金榕 F. microcarpa 高山榕 F. altissima 小叶榕 F. concinna 垂叶榕 F. benjamina F df P 2龄幼虫 2nd instar larva 0.001 5 ± 0.000 1a 0.001 1 ± 0.000 1b 0.001 0 ± 0.000 1bc 0.000 8 ± 0.000 10c 16.521 3 < 0.001 3龄幼虫 3rd instar larva 0.005 1 ± 0.000 2a 0.003 2 ± 0.000 2b 0.002 6 ± 0.000 3bc 0.002 2 ± 0.000 2c 33.36 3 < 0.001 4龄幼虫 4th instar larva 0.016 9 ± 0.001 0a 0.009 1 ± 0.000 6b 0.008 9 ± 0.001 9b 0.005 4 ± 0.000 5c 21.877 3 < 0.001 5龄幼虫 5th instar larva 0.059 9 ± 0.004 8a 0.023 3 ± 0.001 7b 0.025 4 ± 0.005 2b 0.012 2 ± 0.001 7b 27.684 3 < 0.001 6龄幼虫 6th instar larva 0.187 6 ± 0.141 9a 0.086 6 ± 0.007 9b 0.064 0 ± 0.013 1bc 0.031 2 ± 0.005 4c 30.315 3 < 0.001 7龄幼虫 7th instar larva 0.216 9 ± 0.021 9a 0.174 3 ± 0.016 0ab 0.122 4 ± 0.015 5bc 0.087 8 ± 0.015 3c 8.198 3 < 0.001 8龄幼虫 8th instar larva 0.139 9 ± 0.022 6
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表 4 不同榕树饲养的榕透翅毒蛾幼虫排泄物质量
Table 4. Fecal mass of P. nuda at larval stages reared by different banyan species
发育阶段
Development stage粪质量 Fecal mass/g 统计分析 Statistical analysis 黄金榕 F. microcarpa 高山榕 F. altissima 小叶榕 F. concinna 垂叶榕 F. benjamina F df P 2龄幼虫 2nd instar larva 0.006 9 ± 0.000 4a 0.006 9 ± 0.000 6a 0.006 3 ± 0.001 1a 0.003 2 ± 0.000 2b 7.268 3 < 0.001 3龄幼虫 3rd instar larva 0.030 0 ± 0.002 5a 0.016 3 ± 0.001 1b 0.020 3 ± 0.005 2b 0.007 0 ± 0.000 7c 12.374 3 < 0.001 4龄幼虫 4th instar larva 0.124 9 ± 0.014 2a 0.062 2 ± 0.005 9b 0.069 6 ± 0.017 5b 0.020 9 ± 0.003 7c 10.628 3 < 0.001 5龄幼虫 5th instar larva 0.563 8 ± 0.055 6a 0.264 2 ± 0.033 4b 0.238 0 ± 0.073 4b 0.062 0 ± 0.008 9c 15.075 3 < 0.001 6龄幼虫 6th instar larva 2.231 3 ± 0.237 4a 1.418 0 ± 0.191 3a 1.784 4 ± 0.601 8a 0.237 1 ± 0.055 4b 7.335 3 < 0.001 7龄幼虫 7th instar larva 4.139 3 ± 0.368 5a 2.922 6 ± 0.277 3a 3.781 4 ± 0.587 9a 0.994 7 ± 0.276 8b 11.104 3 < 0.001 8龄幼虫 8th instar larva 1.918 1 ± 0.369 8 幼虫期 Larval stage 3.504 7 ± 0.267 1b 3.530 4 ± 0.219 7b 5.288 9 ± 0.457 1a 2.668 9 ± 0.263 4b 8.401 3 < 0.001
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表 5 不同榕树饲养的榕透翅毒蛾幼虫头壳宽度
Table 5. Head capsule width of P. nuda at larval stages reared by different banyan species
发育阶段
Development stage头壳宽 Head capsule width/mm 统计分析 Statistical analysis 黄金榕 F. microcarpa 高山榕 F. altissima 小叶榕 F. concinna 垂叶榕 F. benjamina F df P 1龄幼虫 1st instar larva 0.463 3 ± 0.002 4c 0.472 9 ± 0.002 1a 0.464 5 ± 0.002 7bc 0.470 8 ± 0.001 9ab 4.581 3 0.006 2龄幼虫 2nd instar larva 0.682 4 ± 0.005 9a 0.661 5 ± 0.004 5ab 0.656 3 ± 0.025 9ab 0.647 0 ± 0.129 2b 3.236 3 0.028 3龄幼虫 3rd instar larva 1.105 5 ± 0.0173a 0.925 4 ± 0.019 0c 1.019 5 ± 0.062 6b 0.889 0 ± 0.023 0c 14.315 3 < 0.001 4龄幼虫 4th instar larva 1.674 7 ± 0.033 0a 1.423 4 ± 0.027 7b 1.443 6 ± 0.099 0b 1.245 4 ± 0.070 8c 13.987 3 < 0.001 5龄幼虫 5th instar larva 2.463 6 ± 0.055 5a 2.053 6 ± 0.045 3b 1.972 8 ± 0.119 3b 1.583 4 ± 0.082 0c 23.507 3 < 0.001 6龄幼虫 6th instar larva 2.797 5 ± 0.1181a 2.656 4 ± 0.047 9ab 2.432 9 ± 0.113 3bc 2.232 2 ± 0.122 8c 5.804 3 0.003 7龄幼虫 7th instar larva 3.270 7 ± 0.059 0a 2.999 5 ± 0.037 7b 2.855 7 ± 0.049 7bc 2.739 3 ± 0.132 7c 9.498 3 < 0.001
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表 6 不同榕树饲养的榕透翅毒蛾幼虫头壳宽度回归方程
Table 6. Regression equation and coefficient of determination of head capsule width of P. nuda at larval stages reared by different banyan species
寄主 Host 回归方程 Regression equation R2 黄金榕 F. microcarpa y = 0.004x6 − 0.091 8x5 + 0.819 7x4 − 3.645 5x3 + 8.536 9x2 − 9.574 8x + 4.414 9 0.969 7 高山榕 F. altissima y = 0.000 8x5 − 0.021 2x4 + 0.181 6x3 − 0.593 4x2 + 0.987 4x − 0.082 2 0.970 6 小叶榕F. concinna y = 0.001 1x6 − 0.026 7x5 + 0.249 3x4 − 1.170 8x3 + 2.940 6x2 − 3.417 7x + 1.888 6 0.907 6 垂叶榕 F. benjamina y = 0.000 3x6 − 0.009 7x5 + 0.109 2x4 − 0.590 3x3 + 1.643 5x2 − 1.986 1x + 1.304 7 0.936 6 注：x. 龄期；y. 头壳宽度。Notes: x, instar; y, head capsule width.
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表 7 不同榕树饲养的榕透翅毒蛾蛹的质量
Table 7. Pupal mass of P. nuda at larval stages reared by different banyan species
性别 Sex 蛹质量 Pupal mass/g 统计分析 Statistical analysis 黄金榕 F. microcarpa 高山榕 F. altissima 小叶榕 F. concinna 垂叶榕 F. benjamina F df P 雌虫 Female worm 0.254 0 ± 0.015 9a 0.230 9 ± 0.012 1ab 0.207 3 ± 0.008 1b 0.232 1 ± 0.018 6ab 2.489 3 0.076 雄虫 Male worm 0.157 1 ± 0.005 4a 0.138 4 ± 0.005 8bc 0.130 6 ± 0.003 5c 0.152 2 ± 0.003 3ab 5.360 3 0.004 总体 Total 0.219 4 ± 0.016 4a 0.184 7 ± 0.012 0ab 0.161 8 ± 0.007 8b 0.195 8 ± 0.016 0ab 4.262 3 0.008
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表 8 不同榕树饲养的榕透翅毒蛾成虫寿命、预卵期和产卵量
Table 8. Adult longevity, pre-ovulation period and egg production of P. nuda reared by different banyan species
寄主 Host 雌虫寿命
Female worm longevity/d雄虫寿命
Male worm longevity/d预卵期
Pre-ovulation period/d产卵量
Egg production黄金榕 F. microcarpa 11.13 ± 0.99a 8.83 ± 1.05ab 3.87 ± 0.46a 182.13 ± 18.22ab 高山榕 F. altissima 9.54 ± 0.42a 10.07 ± 0.41a 3.21 ± 0.47a 226.14 ± 30.05a 小叶榕 F. concinna 9.71 ± 0.68a 7.20 ± 0.58b 3.80 ± 1.02a 107.43 ± 32.94bc 垂叶榕 F. benjamina 9.60 ± 0.60a 8.25 ± 0.63ab 4.50 ± 0.50a 85.00 ± 40.52c 统计分析 Statistical analysis F = 0.972, P = 0.416 F = 3.823, P = 0.022 F = 0.664, P = 0.580 F = 4.326, P = 0.010 注：同一列数据不同小写字母表示差异显著（P < 0.05）。同表9~12。Notes: different lowercase letters in the same column of data indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). Same as Tab. 9−12.
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表 9 不同榕树饲养的榕透翅毒蛾第二代卵历期和孵化率
Table 9. Incubation period and hatching rate of the second generation of P. nuda reared by different banyan species
寄主 Host 卵历期 Incubation period/d 孵化率Hatching rate/% 黄金榕 F. microcarpa 8.40 ± 0.245a 60.358 0 ± 5.982a 高山榕 F. altissima 9.17 ± 0.477a 59.643 3 ± 8.104a 小叶榕 F. concinna 8.33 ± 0.333a 49.786 7 ± 16.300a 垂叶榕 F. benjamina 8.80 ± 0.374a 51.605 0 ± 15.942a 统计分析 Statistical analysis F = 0.950, P = 0.442 F = 0.442, P = 0.872
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表 10 取食经历对榕透翅毒蛾5龄幼虫不同寄主120 min取食量的影响
Table 10. Effects of feeding experience on 120 min feeding intake of the 5th instar larvae of P. nuda
g 5龄幼虫取食寄主
5th instar larval feeding host1 ~ 4龄取食黄金榕幼虫
1st to 4th instar larva reared by F. microcarpa1 ~ 4龄取食高山榕幼虫
1st to 4th instar larva reared by F. altissima1 ~ 4龄取食小叶榕幼虫
1st to 4th instar larva reared by F. concinna1 ~ 4龄取食垂叶榕幼虫
1st to 4th instar larva reared by F. benjamina总体 Total 黄金榕
F. microcarpa0.004 2 ± 0.001 9b 0.005 1 ± 0.002 9a 0.002 7 ± 0.000 7a 0.011 8 ± 0.005 6a 0.005 9 ± 0.001 7a 高山榕
F. altissima0.019 6 ± 0.001 5a 0.006 4 ± 0.002 2a 0.002 3 ± 0.001 2a 0.003 4 ± 0.001 0a 0.008 4 ± 0.001 9a 小叶榕
F. concinna0.004 1 ± 0.002 1b 0.005 1 ± 0.001 7a 0.008 2 ± 0.002 8a 0.010 9 ± 0.000 2a 0.006 5 ± 0.001 1a 垂叶榕
F. benjamina0.009 6 ± 0.005 3b 0.000 9 ± 0.000 5a 0.003 7 ± 0.002 6a 0.008 5 ± 0.000 8a 0.006 0 ± 0.001 3a P < 0.001 0.422 0.170 0.368 0.629
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表 11 取食经历对榕透翅毒蛾5龄幼虫120 min相对摄入指数的影响
Table 11. Effects of feeding experience on the 120 min relative ingestion index of the 5th instar larvae of P. nuda
5龄幼虫取食寄主
5th instar larval feeding host1 ~ 4龄取食黄金榕幼虫
1st to 4th instar larva reared by F. microcarpa1 ~ 4龄取食高山榕幼虫
1st to 4th instar larva reared by F. altissima1 ~ 4龄取食小叶榕幼虫
1st to 4th instar larva reared by F. concinna1 ~ 4龄取食垂叶榕幼虫
1st to 4th instar larva reared by F. benjamina总体 Total 黄金榕
F. microcarpa0.103 8 ± 0.019 2b 0.094 0 ± 0.040 3a 0.109 8 ± 0.022 2a 0.180 7 ± 0.123 9a 0.122 1 ± 0.031 1a 高山榕
F. altissima0.169 8 ± 0.015 0a 0.123 3 ± 0.022 5a 0.107 5 ± 0.038 3a 0.084 0 ± 0.017 6a 0.125 3 ± 0.014 3a 小叶榕
F. concinna0.065 8 ± 0.014 4b 0.161 9 ± 0.029 5a 0.103 0 ± 0.034 6a 0.059 4 ± 0.016 4a 0.101 7 ± 0.015 8a 垂叶榕
F. benjamina0.101 4 ± 0.012 5b 0.090 5 ± 0.038 2a 0.126 0 ± 0.033 7a 0.055 6 ± 0.009 3a 0.093 6 ± 0.013 0a P 0.002 0.386 0.968 0.574 0.614
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表 12 取食经历对榕透翅毒蛾5龄幼虫120 min取食面积的影响
Table 12. Effects of feeding experience on the 120 min feeding area of the 5th instar larvae of P. nuda
cm2 5龄幼虫取食寄主
5th instar larval feeding host1 ~ 4龄取食黄金榕幼虫
1st to 4th instar larva reared by F. microcarpa1 ~ 4龄取食高山榕幼虫
1st to 4th instar larva reared by F. altissima1 ~ 4龄取食小叶榕幼虫
1st to 4th instar larva reared by F. concinna1 ~ 4龄取食垂叶榕幼虫
1st to 4th instar larva reared by F. benjamina总体 Total 黄金榕
F. microcarpa0.470 8 ± 0.057 3b 0.237 9 ± 0.096 0a 0.182 1 ± 0.065 5a 0.045 4 ± 0.004 1a 0.234 1 ± 0.049 1a 高山榕
F. altissima0.949 3 ± 0.092 0a 0.181 1 ± 0.046 9a 0.133 9 ± 0.027 7a 0.032 1 ± 0.004 3a 0.356 5 ± 0.094 0a 小叶榕
F. concinna0.407 9 ± 0.111 4b 0.132 8 ± 0.041 0a 0.176 4 ± 0.056 8a 0.073 6 ± 0.026 9a 0.213 5 ± 0.047 4a 垂叶榕
F. benjamina0.926 1 ± 0.143 4a 0.195 7 ± 0.066 0a 0.196 9 ± 0.095 3a 0.067 5 ± 0.020 6a 0.356 6 ± 0.102 3a P 0.003 0.683 0.891 0.347 0.397
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