基于POI数据的北京市公园服务建筑设施类型及数量分布研究

蔡凌豪

doi:10.12171/j.1000-1522.20220122

基于POI数据的北京市公园服务建筑设施类型及数量分布研究

蔡凌豪

北京林业大学园林学院，北京 100083

基金项目: 住房和城乡建设部研究开发项目（2020-K-057），国家重点研发计划（2019YFD1100402）

详细信息

作者简介:
蔡凌豪，博士生，讲师。主要研究方向：现代园林设计理论、风景园林建筑设计、数字景观。Email：oldstory@126.com　地址：100083北京市海淀区清华东路35号北京林业大学园林学院

中图分类号: S759.91
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-03-02
- 修回日期: 2022-04-07
- 网络出版日期: 2022-04-08
- 发布日期: 2022-04-24

Study on the types and quantity distribution of park service building facilities in Beijing based on POI data

Cai Linghao

School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

摘要

摘要:
目的服务建筑设施是公园开展游憩服务、科教文化活动的重要载体。我国公园设计规范对公园内的建筑设施有着严格的指标控制。本文意图全景式地分析北京公园服务建筑设施的类型、数量分布和空间分布指征，总结规律，发现问题，以期对我国公园的规划设计和建设，城市更新中公共空间和设施的优化布局提供依据。
方法采集北京市309个主要公园内的兴趣点（POI）数据和兴趣面（AOI）数据，采用统计归纳法对比分析公园内服务建筑设施的总体分布特征，以空间均匀度指标来衡量公园服务建筑设施空间布局的特征及游客获得设施服务的便捷度；分析各公园中各类别服务建筑设施的种类、数量及空间分布指征；以单源最短路径算法统计北京公园公共厕所的空间分布合理性。
结果研究认为，北京公园的服务建筑设施总体缺乏，数量严重不足，空间分布不均衡，公园之间水平差异度大。距市区较远的大尺度郊野公园和森林公园，服务建筑设施尤其缺乏，布局稀疏，大部分公园的设施集聚程度高，空间均匀度不够；餐饮建筑服务设施与购物服务设施的种类设置不合理；缺乏科教文化设施。
结论研究认为长期以来对公园服务建筑设施建设的政策限制，已经影响了公园的游憩服务功能、文化功能和科普教育功能的有效发挥，影响了公园作为绿色综合体的城市功能复合属性，也制约了土地集约化高效利用的未来城市发展模式。我国的城市更新和公园建设，应当制定灵活的公园服务建筑设施控制指标和管理体系，增加服务建筑设施种类，适度引入社会资本，主动引入科教文化服务设施，优化建筑服务设施空间布局。
- 服务建筑设施 /
- 空间分布特征 /
- 空间均匀度 /
- 兴趣点 /
- 公园 /
- 风景园林
Abstract:
Objective Service building facilities are important carriers for the park to carry out recreational services, science, education and cultural activities. China’s park design code has strict index control over the building facilities in the park. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the types, quantity distribution and spatial distribution indicators of service buildings and facilities in Beijing parks, summarize the laws and find problems, in order to provide basis for the planning, design and construction of parks and the optimal layout of public space and facilities in urban renewal in China.
Method Collecting point of interest (POI) data and area of interest (AOI) data from 309 major parks in Beijing, the overall distribution characteristics of service building facilities in the park can be compared and analyzed by statistical induction, and using the spatial uniformity index to measure the spatial layout characteristics of park service building facilities and the convenience of tourists to obtain facilities and services; analyzing the types, quantity and spatial distribution indicators of various types of service building facilities in each park. The single source shortest path algorithm was used to calculate the rationality of spatial distribution of public toilets in Beijing park.
Result The study supposed that the service building facilities in parks in Beijing were generally lacking, the quantity was seriously insufficient, the spatial distribution was not balanced, and the level difference between parks was large. The large-scale country parks and forest parks far away from the urban center, especially lack of service building facilities, sparse layout, most of the parks had a high degree of facility concentration and space uniformity was not enough. The types of food & beverages building service facilities and shopping service facilities were not reasonable, lacking of scientific, educational and cultural facilities.
Conclusion The policy limit for park service building infrastructure that has executed for a long time, has seriously affected the effective play of recreation service function, cultural function and popular science education function of the park, has affected the complex property of urban function of the park as a green complex, also has restricted the land intensive utilization of urban development mode in the future. This paper puts forward five strategies, such as establishing flexible control index and management system of park service building facilities, increasing the amounts of types of service building facilities, appropriately introducing social capital, actively introducing science/culture & education service facilities, and optimizing the spatial layout of building service facilities.
- service building facility /
- spatial distribution characteristics /
- spatial uniformity /
- point of interest /
- park /
- landscape architecture

HTML全文

图 1 北京市研究公园空间分布

Figure 1. Spatial distribution of research parks in Beijing

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图 2 公园服务建筑设施分布的Voronoi模式图

Figure 2. Voronoi diagram of the distribution of park building services

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图 3 研究公园面积频次分布

Figure 3. Frequency distribution of the area of studied park

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图 4 北京公园服务建筑设施分类数量比较

Figure 4. Classification and quantity comparison of service building facilities in Beijing parks

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图 5 北京市公园服务设施空间均匀度值分布

Figure 5. Distribution of spatial evenness value of park service facilities in Beijing parks

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图 6 北京市公园餐饮服务建筑设施数量分布

Figure 6. Quantity distribution of food & beverages service building facilities in parks in Beijing

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图 7 北京市公园餐饮建筑服务设施类型分布

Figure 7. Type distribution of food & beverages service building facilities in parks in Beijing

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图 8 北京市公园餐饮服务建筑设施数量及空间分布

Figure 8. Quantity and spatial distribution of food & beverages service building facilities in parks in Beijing

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图 9 北京市公园购物服务建筑设施数量分布

Figure 9. Quantity distribution of park shopping service building facilities in parks in Beijing

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图 10 北京市公园购物服务建筑设施数量分布

Figure 10. Type distribution of park shopping service building facilities in parks in Beijing

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图 11 北京市公园购物服务建筑设施数量及空间分布

Figure 11. Quantity and spatial distribution of park shopping service building facilities in parks in Beijing

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图 12 北京市公园游憩服务建筑设施数量分布

Figure 12. Quantity distribution of park recreation service building facilities in parks in Beijing

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图 13 北京市公园游憩服务建筑设施类型分布

Figure 13. Type distribution of park recreation service building facilities in parks in Beijing

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图 14 北京市公园游憩服务设施数量及空间分布

Figure 14. Quantity and spatial distribution of park recreation service building facilities in parks in Beijing

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图 15 北京市公园科教文化设施类型分布

Figure 15. Type distribution of science/culture & education service facilities in parks in Beijing

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图 16 北京市公园科教文化服务设施数量及空间分布

Figure 16. Quantity and spatial distribution of science/culture & education service facilities in parks in Beijing

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图 17 北京市公园公共厕所平均间距的频次分布

Figure 17. Frequency distribution of average distance between public toilets in parks in Beijing

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图 18 北京市公园公共厕所平均间距的空间分布

灰色区域代表符合规范的0~500 m公厕平均间距。The grey area represents the average spacing of 0 − 500 m public toilets in accordance with the specification.

Figure 18. Spatial distribution of average space between public toilets in parks in Beijing

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表 1 采集的兴趣点（POI）数据分类

Table 1 Classification of collected points of interest (POI) data

类别 Category	小类 Sub-category
公共设施 Public facility	公共厕所、无障碍厕所 Public toilet, wheelchair accessible toilet
餐饮服务设施 Catering service facility	中餐厅、外国餐厅、快餐厅、咖啡厅、冷饮店等 Chinese food restaurant, foreign food restaurant, fast food restaurant, coffee shop, cold drink shop, et al
购物服务设施 Shopping service facility	便民商店/便利店、商场、综合市场、文化体育用品店、专卖店等 Convenience store, shopping plaza, comprehensive market, culture and sports store, franchise store, et al
游憩服务设施 Recreation service facility	信息咨询中心、游客中心、售票处、摄影冲印店、游客服务场所等 Information consulting center, visitor center, ticket office, photography and printing shop, tourists service place, et al
科教文化服务 Science/culture & education service	博物馆、展览馆、美术馆、图书馆、科技馆、天文馆、文化宫、档案馆、科研机构等 Museum, exhibition hall, art gallery, library, science & technology museum, planetarium, cultural palace, archives hall, scientific research institution, et al

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表 2 研究公园总体数据

Table 2 Overall data of studying parks in Beijing

公园数量 Park quantity	总面积/hm² Total area/ha	建筑服务设施数量 Number of service building facility	数量面积比/（个·hm⁻²） Quantitative area ratio/(number·ha⁻¹)	设施与公园数量比 Ratio of facility to park
309	29 028	3 111	0.116	10.1
注：数量面积比中公园面积为陆域面积。Note: in the quantity area ratio, the park area is land area.

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表 3 设施数量前20的北京公园列表

Table 3 List of Beijing parks with the top 20 facilities

序号 No.	设施数量 Number of facility	公园名称 Park name	设施数量面积比 Facility quantity-area ratio	序号 No.	设施数量 Number of facility	公园名称 Park name	设施数量面积比 Facility quantity-area ratio
1	363	北京世园公园 Beijing International Horticultural Exposition Park	0.64	11	67	世界公园 Beijing World Park	1.55
2	261	朝阳公园 Chaoyang Park	0.92	12	64	北海公园 Beihai Park	0.92
3	245	北京奥林匹克森林公园 Beijing Olympic Forest Park	0.35	13	61	大运河森林公园 Grand Canal Forest Park	0.09
4	181	北京欢乐谷 Beijing Happy Valley	3.66	14	49	香山公园 Fragrant Hill Park	0.29
5	141	颐和园 Summer Palace	0.46	15	45	八大处公园 Badachu Park	0.42
6	101	石景山游乐园 Beijing Shijingshan Amusement Park	2.67	16	45	天坛公园 Temple of Heaven Park	0.23
7	87	圆明园遗址公园 The Old Summer Palace Ruins Park	0.26	17	44	北京大兴野生动物园 Beijing Daxing Wildlife Park	0.19
8	84	北京园博园 Beijing Garden Exposition Park	0.17	18	42	北京植物园 Beijing Botanical Garden	0.30
9	75	北京动物园 Beijing Zoo	1.02	19	41	日坛公园 Ritan Park	1.90
10	67	南宫世界地热博览园 Nangong World Geothermal Expo Park	1.87	20	39	中华民族园 Chinese Ethnic Culture Park	2.70

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