Histological characteristics and related gene expression analysis of ovule abortion in Camellia oleifera
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摘要:
目的 油茶胚珠败育现象严重，只有少数胚珠能发育为成熟种子，但其败育机制尚不清楚。本研究对油茶胚珠败育时期、组织结构变化和败育原因展开探究，旨在明确油茶胚珠的败育过程，为提高油茶产量提供一定的理论基础和实践意义。 方法 本研究以‘华硕’品种果实为试验材料，在体视显微镜下观察油茶果实内的胚珠的形态，统计败育率，采用荧光素二乙酸酯（FDA）染色观察败育胚珠失去活性的时间；通过石蜡切片和显微镜观察明确可育胚珠和败育胚珠的组织结构变化，通过碘−碘化钾染色和PAS反应标记可育胚珠与败育胚珠中淀粉粒的分布。利用CFDA荧光示踪和激光共聚焦成像技术揭示同化物在可育胚珠与败育胚珠中的运输路径，通过实时荧光定量PCR试验分析与糖和能量代谢、活性氧代谢、细胞凋亡等过程相关的基因在可育胚珠与败育胚珠中的表达情况。 结果 （1）体式显微镜的观察结果显示26 WAA（weeks after anthesis，花后周数）后油茶可育胚珠与败育胚珠的大小产生差异；FDA标记结果说明，败育胚珠在果实发育过程中逐步失去活性。（2）37 WAA时，胚珠败育率达到64.08%。（3）显微观察显示：可育胚珠的胚和胚乳均正常发育，内外珠被结合紧密；败育胚珠无胚乳细胞，内珠被与外珠被之间的空隙较大；可育胚珠的胚柄和胚乳中均有淀粉粒存在，败育胚珠仅在萎缩的内珠被上观察到少量淀粉粒。可育胚珠的内珠被上无胼胝质沉积，败育胚珠的内珠被上可见胼胝质沉积。（4）CFDA荧光示踪结果发现，败育胚珠与可育胚珠的同化物运输方式存在差异。（5）与糖和能量代谢、活性氧代谢、细胞凋亡等过程相关基因在败育胚珠和可育胚珠中存在差异性表达。 结论 败育胚珠的结构异常，胚珠内缺乏淀粉的积累，内珠被上有胼胝质沉积，同化物的运输方式与可育胚珠不同，参与胚珠物质和能量代谢、抗氧化作用和细胞凋亡等过程的基因的差异表达可能与油茶胚珠的败育有关。 Abstract:Objective The ovule abortion of Camellia oleifera is serious. Only a few ovules could develop into mature seeds, but its abortion mechanism is not clear. The research investigated abortion period, microstructure changes and abortion reasons of ovules to clarify the abortion process and to provide certain theoretical basis and practical significance for increasing the yield of Camellia oleifera. Method The fruits of C. oleifera cv. ‘Huashuo’ were chosen as the experimental material. The ovule morphology in Camellia oleifera fruit was observed under stereomicroscope. We counted the proportion of abortive ovules. The stage of losing activity of abortive ovules was observed by FDA staining technique and stereomicroscope. The histological changes of fertile and abortive ovules were clarified by paraffin technique and microscopic observation, and the starch grain distribution in fertile and abortive ovules was marked by K-KI2 staining and PAS reaction. The CFDA fluorescence tracing experiment and laser confocal microscopy were used to reveal assimilate transport pathways in fertile and abortive ovules. The qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression of genes related to sugar and energy metabolism, reactive oxygen species metabolism, and apoptosis processes in fertile and abortive ovules. Result (1) The microscopic observation showed that the size of fertile and abortive ovules differed after 26 WAA (weeks after anthesis). The results of FDA staining indicated that the abortive ovules gradually lost their activity during fruit development. (2) At 37 WAA, the proportion of abortive ovules reached 64.08%. (3) Microscopic observation showed that the embryo and endosperm of fertile ovules developed normally, and the inner and outer integuments were tightly united; the abortive ovules had no endosperm cells, and the space between the inner and outer integument was wild. Starch grains were observed in both the suspensor and endosperm of fertile ovules, and only a few starch grains were observed on the shrunken inner integuments of abortive ovules. (4) CFDA fluorescence tracing results revealed differences in assimilate transport modes between fertile and abortive ovules. There was no callose deposition on the inner integument of fertile ovules, while callose deposition can be seen on the inner integument of abortive ovules. (5) Genes related to sugar and energy metabolism, reactive oxygen species metabolism, and apoptosis processes were differentially expressed in fertile and abortive ovules. Conclusion The abortive ovules have abnormal structure and lack starch accumulation. There are some callose depositions on inner integument. There are differences in the transport modes of assimilates between abortive ovules and fertile ovules. Different expressions of genes about material and energy metabolism, antioxidant action and apoptosis processed in the ovules might be related to the abortion of Camellia oleifera ovules. -
Key words:
- Camellia oleifera /
- ovule /
- abortive /
- histological characteristics
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图 1 不同发育时期油茶的可育和败育胚珠形态变化以及败育率统计
a、f. 21 WAA胚珠；b、g. 26 WAA胚珠；c、h. 31 WAA胚珠；d、i. 34 WAA胚珠；e、j. 37 WAA胚珠； a ~ j.白色箭头指向表示正在败育的胚珠，红色箭头指向表示可育胚珠；k. 31 WAA胚珠，蓝色箭头和红色箭头指向表示正在败育的胚珠，黑色箭头指向表示可育胚珠；l. 31 WAA胚珠，从左至右依次为两种正在败育的胚珠和可育胚珠；m. 31、34、37 WAA油茶果实内败育胚珠的比例。标尺为2 mm。不同字母表示差异性显著（P < 0.05），下同。a, f, ovules of 21 WAA; b, g, ovules of 26 WAA; c, h, ovules of 31 WAA; d, i, ovules of 34 WAA; e, j, ovules of 37 WAA. a−j, the white arrow shows ovule aborting currently; the red arrow shows fertile ovule. k, ovules of 31 WAA, the blue and red arrows show ovules aborting currently; the black arrow shows fertile ovules. l, ovules of 31 WAA, there are two types of abortive ovules and fertile ovules from left to right. m, proportion of abortive ovules of 31, 34, 37 WAA. Bar is 2 mm. Different letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 level. The same below.
Figure 1. Morphological changes and proportion of fertile and abortive ovules of C. oleifera at different development stages
图 2 不同发育时期油茶胚珠活性观察
a、b. 21 WAA胚珠；c、d. 26 WAA胚珠；e、f. 31 WAA胚珠；g、 h. 34 WAA胚珠；i ~ l. 37 WAA胚珠；a、c、e、g、i、j、k. GFP通道；b、d、f、h、l. 明场；a ~ h. 1个子房内的所有胚珠；i. 一个子房内的所有可育胚珠；j. 一个子房内的所有败育胚珠；k、l. 一个子房内的部分可育胚珠和败育胚珠。a, b, ovules of 21 WAA; c, d, ovules of 26 WAA; e, f, ovules of 31 WAA; g, h, ovules of 34 WAA; i−l, ovules of 37 WAA; a, c, e, g, i, j, k, GFP field; b, d, f, h, l, bright field; a−h, all ovules in one ovary; i, all fertile ovules in one ovary; j, all abortive ovules in one ovary; k, l, partial fertile ovules and abortive ovules in one ovary.
Figure 2. Activity observation on ovules of C. oleifera at different development stages
图 3 不同发育时期油茶可育胚珠和败育胚珠的组织学观察
a. 31 WAA可育胚珠；b. 34 WAA可育胚珠；c. 37 WAA可育胚珠；d、e. 21 WAA败育胚珠；f−i. 26、31、34、37 WAA的败育胚珠；Ⅱ. 内珠被；OI. 外珠被；En. 胚乳；Cot. 子叶；VB. 维管束。a, fertile ovules of 31 WAA; b, fertile ovules of 34 WAA; c, fertile ovules of 37 WAA; d，e, abortive ovules of 21 WAA; f−i, abortive ovules of 26, 31, 34, 37 WAA; Ⅱ, inner integument; OI, outer integument; En, endosperm; Cot, cotyledon; VB, vascular bundle.
Figure 3. Histological observation on fertile and abortive ovules of C. oleifera at different developmental stages
图 4 不同发育时期油茶可育胚珠和败育胚珠的淀粉粒分布
a ~ f. 碘−碘化钾染色；g ~ l. PAS法染色；a、d、g、j. 31 WAA胚珠；b、e、h、k. 34 WAA胚珠；c、f、i、l. 37 WAA胚珠；a ~ c、g ~ i. 可育胚珠；d ~ f、j ~ l. 败育胚珠；S. 胚柄；黑色方框示淀粉粒。a−f, I2-KI staining; g−l, periodic acid-schiff staining; a, d, g, j, ovules of 31 WAA; b, e, h, k, ovules of 34 WAA; c, f, i, l, ovules of 37 WAA; a−c, g−i, fertile ovules; d−f, j−l, abortive ovules; S, suspensor. The black box shows starch grains.
Figure 4. Distribution of starch grains in fertile and abortive ovules of C. oleifera at different development stages
图 5 不同发育时期油茶可育胚珠和败育胚珠的胼胝质染色观察
a、e. 31 WAA胚珠；b、f. 34 WAA胚珠；c、g. 37 WAA胚珠；a ~ c. 可育胚珠的内珠被的胼胝质染色结果；d. 可育胚珠的内珠被的自发荧光；i. 可育胚珠的内珠被的明场；e ~ g. 败育胚珠的内珠被的胼胝质染色结果；h. 败育胚珠的内珠被的自发荧光；j. 败育胚珠的内珠被的明场；k. 胼胝质荧光信号的定量分析。标尺为50 μm。箭头指向表示胼胝质。a, e, ovules of 31 WAA; b, f, ovules of 34 WAA; c, g, ovules of 37 WAA; a−c, callose staining results of the inner integument of fertile ovules; d, autofluorescence of the inner integument of fertile ovules; i, bright field of the inner integument of fertile ovules; e−g, callose staining results of the inner integument of abortive ovules; h, autofluorescence of the inner integument of abortive ovules; j, bright field of the inner integument of abortive ovules; k, quantitative analysis of the florescent signal of callose. Bar is 50 μm. The arrow shows the callose.
Figure 5. Observation on callose staining of fertile and abortive ovules of C. oleifera at different development stages
图 6 CF在发育早期可育胚珠和败育胚珠中的运动情况
a ~ c. 可育胚珠；d ~ i. 败育胚珠；a、d、g. GFP通道；b、e、h. 明场；c、f、i. 叠加视野；标尺为250 μm。a−c, fertile ovules; d−i, abortive ovules; a, d, g, GFP field; b, e, h, bight field; c, f, i, merged field; Bar is 250 μm.
Figure 6. CF movement in fertile and abortive ovules of C. oleifera at early development stage
图 7 不同发育时期可育胚珠和败育胚珠中与糖和能量代谢、活性氧代谢和细胞凋亡过程相关基因的表达情况
FO. 可育胚珠；AO. 败育胚珠。FO, fertile ovules; AO, abortive ovules.
Figure 7. Heatmap of the relative expressions of genes about sugar and energy metabolism, reactive oxygen metabolism and apoptosis processes of fertile and abortive ovules of C. oleifera at different stages
表 1 实时荧光定量PCR试验所用引物
Table 1. Primers used in qRT-PCR experiment
基因
Gene上游引物序列（5′—3′）
Forward primer (5′−3′)下游引物序列（5′—3′）
Reverse primer (5′−3′)starch synthase-1 TGGACCGTGGGATGCCTTAT TCAATGGAATGCAGCAATAGCC starch synthase-2 AGGAGAGAGAAGGGAAAGATCC AATAGTTCGGTTTCTGCCATGAAG callose synthase-1 AGTTGGTATCGATGGGCAGA TGCTTGACCAAGTAGAAGAAGG callose synthase-2 ATGGGTAGGAAGAAGTTCAGTGC CCACAGATCCAATAAACAGGAA sucrose transporter-1 ATCCGGGTGCCTTACAAGAA AACTGGAAGGCAGATCGGAG sucrose transporter-2 AGCCGATCGCCGCCGTACTA CTGTATTCCGCAAGCCACTG SWEET1 AGGAGAGAGAAGGGAAAGATCC AATAGTTCGGTTTCTGCCATGAAG SWEET2 GTTGTTGCGAAAGATCAAAAGTT TTCTTGACATGCGATTGAGCTAA cell wall invertase CCAAGTTGACATGCCTAGCAC ATTAACCCAAATGGTCCAACCT ATPase-1 ATATCTGATGAGAACATGCAAGAGAA TTACTGGAACATACACTTAGGCAGGA ATPase-2 AATTCGATGACCTTTCAGAGC TTTAAGCAGCAGATTCCTTGG ATPase-3 GGAGGCTGCTGTCCTCTCTCT GGTGGCGTAGTCGAGGACA phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase GGAATGGACTGGGGAAGATAC GCCAAAGACGCACTCTTCTTC glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase CTCCCTCTCTCTATCTGTCCCTCT GATCCTTCCGAATCCATTG peroxidase-1 TGGCTTTTAACCTCTCAGCTGTTT TGGTGATGTGAAGATGAATATGATGA peroxidase-2 ATGTATTTGTGGAGCTTCAGCACT CCATGCTTTGAGAAGCAGGAGG Caspase-2 AGCTGTACGTTGTGATTCTGCT CAGCTCTGGGGTTTCCATT Caspase-3 CACCGTTTCTGTCTCCTCTTC GGTCGGAGTTCAACTGATGG EF-2 AAGCTGCTGGCGTGAGAATA CTCTCTTCTGCTGCCTTCTT 
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