Soil organic carbon stabilization and formation: mechanism and model
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摘要: 土壤有机碳对自然气候解决方案的贡献可以达到25%，提高土壤碳储量是实现“碳中和”的重要途径。合理的土壤有机碳管理和精准的模型预测依赖于对土壤碳循环过程的清晰认识。然而，土壤有机碳的长期保存机制、来源和环境调控作用还不清楚。本文系统评述了土壤有机碳稳定（生化难分解性、矿物保护和团聚体保护）和形成（腐质化、微生物效率−基质稳定框架和微生物碳泵理论）的前沿理论和机制，在此基础上分析了目前土壤碳循环模型的发展（Century模型、微生物模型和微生物−矿物模型），并提出了未来试验和模型研究中亟需解决的关键科学问题。Abstract: Soil organic carbon (SOC) represents 25% of the potential of natural climate solutions, improvement of SOC storage is a critical pathway to realize “carbon neutralization”. Reasonable SOC management and accurate model prediction require deep understanding of soil carbon cycling processes. However, the persistence mechanism of SOC, pathways controlling SOC formation, and their environmental regulations are not clear. Here, we first synthesized the frontier theories and mechanisms of SOC stabilization (biochemical recalcitrance, mineral protection, and aggregation protection) and formation (humification, microbial efficiency-matrix stabilization framework, and microbial carbon pump theory); we then reviewed the development of soil carbon cycling models (Century model, microbial model, and microbial-mineral model); we finally proposed the urgent scientific question for future experimental and modelling studies.
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图 1 土壤有机碳的矿物保护和团聚体保护
a. 矿物保护机制；b，c. 干旱和湿润条件下土壤团聚体间的隔离情况，参考Wilpiszeski等[34]绘制；d. 团聚体孔隙对有机碳的闭蓄保护作用（图片来源于Schlüter等[35]）；e. 新鲜凋落物−矿物界面（电镜扫描照片来源于Witzgall等[36]）。a, mechanisms of mineral protection; b and c, the isolation of soil aggregates under dry and wet conditions, referring to Wilpiszeski, et al.[34]; d, occlusion of soil organic carbon by aggregation (image from Schlüter, et al.[35]); e, scanning electron microscopy image of the interface of plant litter and soil minerals (image from Witzgall, et al.[36]).
Figure 1. Mineral and aggregate protection of soil organic carbon
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图 2 土壤有机碳的形成和稳定机制
cPOC. 粗颗粒有机碳；fPOC. 细颗粒有机碳；DOC. 溶解性有机碳；MBC. 微生物生物量碳；MAOC. 矿物结合有机碳。下同。cPOC, coarse particulate organic carbon; fPOC, fine particulate organic carbon; DOC, dissolved organic carbon; MBC, microbial biomass carbon; MAOC, mineral-associated organic carbon. The same below.
Figure 2. Mechanisms of soil organic carbon formation and stabilization
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表 1 颗粒有机碳和矿物结合有机碳功能特性
Table 1 Functional traits of particulate organic carbon and mineral-associated organic carbon
项目
Item颗粒有机碳
Particulate organic carbon矿物结合有机碳
Mineral-associated organic carbon主要来源
Main source植物残体和真菌菌丝
Plant residues and fungal hyphae植物和微生物残体
Plant and microbial residues分子量 Molecular mass/Da > 600 ~ 1 000 < 600 ~ 1 000 密度 Density 低 Low 高 High 碳库上限 Upper limit of C pool 无 No 有 Yes 主要稳定机制
Main stabilization mechanism生化难分解性和团聚体保护
Biochemical recalcitrance and aggregate protection矿物保护和团聚体保护
Mineral and aggregate protection温度敏感性 Temperature sensitivity 高 High 低 Low 周转时间 Turnover time < 10年 ~ 数十年 < ten years – decades 数十年 ~ 数百年 Decades – centuries 
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