Growth performance and its influence of Fraxinus mandshurica after 20 years of introduction and planting
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摘要:目的 明确水曲柳引种栽植20年后的适应性、生长表现及其对群落物种多样性的影响，为水曲柳的引种和立地环境选择、引种地物种多样性保护提供科学依据。方法 采用典型样地调查法，对北京市喇叭沟门自然保护区内引种栽植20年的水曲柳散生个体、水曲柳纯林、水曲柳混交林及其他阔叶林、沟谷草甸进行调查，分析水曲柳个体适应性、生长表现和不同群落类型的物种多样性。结果 （1）水曲柳在不同环境或群落类型中的成活保存率Sp均大于90%，能够正常生长并开花结果；（2）水曲柳个体胸径、树高、冠幅、干性及冠长率等形态指标在不同群落或环境中存在差异，活力度值B排序结果为水曲柳散生个体 > 水曲柳混交林 > 水曲柳纯林；（3）水曲柳纯林和水曲柳混交林物种多样性低于其他阔叶林和沟谷草甸群落类型。结论 （1）水曲柳在引种栽植20年后进入中龄阶段，仍表现出较强的环境适应性，存活率较高，在林缘及道边散生个体的生长表现最好，在混交林和纯林中受林分郁闭度过高影响，水曲柳生长表现相对较差；（2）水曲柳具有较强的耐阴性和竞争力，进入中龄后在水曲柳纯林和水曲柳混交林中形成较高的乔木层郁闭度，导致灌草层物种减少，不利于当地物种多样性的保护；（3）在喇叭沟门自然保护区引种栽植水曲柳时，应选择沟谷下部弃耕地或道路两侧绿化用地，对于沟谷草甸和其他次生林环境不宜栽植水曲柳。Abstract:Objective This study was conducted to clarify the adaptability and growth performance of Fraxinus mandshurica after 20 years of introduction and planting and its impact on species diversity of the community, so as to provide scientific basis for the introduction and site environment selection of Fraxinus mandshurica, and the biodiversity protection of the introduced site.Method By the method of typical sample investigation, 3 types of Fraxinus mandshurica (scattered individuals, pure forest and mixed forest) and 2 other community types (broadleaved mixed forests and gully meadows) were investigated in Labagoumen Nature Reserve in Beijing to analyze the individual adaptability, growth performance of Fraxinus mandshurica and the species diversity of different community types. The
sampled Fraxinus mandshurica had been introduced and planted for 20 years in the study site. Result (1) The survival and preservation rate (Sp) of Fraxinus mandshurica was greater than 90% in different sampling types, and some individuals had begun to grow and blossom normally; (2) morphological indexes such as DBH, tree height, crown width, trunk straightness and crown length ratio of Fraxinus mandshurica individuals were different in varied sampling types, the order of vigorous degree (B) was as follows: Fraxinus mandshurica scattered individuals > Fraxinus mandshurica mixed forest > Fraxinus mandshurica pure forest; (3) the species diversity of Fraxinus mandshurica pure forest and Fraxinus mandshurica mixed forest was lower than that of broadleaved forest and gully meadow community types.Conclusion (1) Fraxinus mandshurica has entered the middle-age stage and shows strong environmental adaptability and high survival rate after 20 years of introduction and planting. The growth performance of scattered individuals at the forest edge and roadside was better than that of individuals in mixed forest and pure forest due to higher canopy density and individual competition of the latter; (2) Fraxinus mandshurica has strong shade tolerance and competitiveness. After entering the middle age, it forms a high canopy density in the pure and mixed Fraxinus mandshurica forests, resulting in the reduction of species in the shrub and grass layer, which is not conducive to the protection of local species diversity; (3) when introducing and planting Fraxinus mandshurica in Labagoumen Nature Reserve, the abandoned farmland in the lower part of the gully or the greening land on both sides of the road should be selected, the gully meadows and other secondary forest environments are not suitable for planting Fraxinus mandshurica.-
Keywords:
- Fraxinus mandshurica /
- introduction performance /
- adaptability /
- species diversity
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表 1 样地基本情况
Table 1 Basic situation of the survey sample plots
植被类型
Vegetation type样地号
Sample plot No.群落优势种
Community dominant
species海拔
Altitude/m坡向
Slope aspect/(°)栽培位置
Cultivation location面积
Area郁闭度
Canopy density坐标
Coordinate水曲柳纯林
Pure forest of Fraxinus mandshurica1 水曲柳
Fraxinus mandshurica766 150 沟谷底部
Gully bottom20 m × 20 m 0.7 40°56′13″N，
116°31′08″E2 水曲柳
Fraxinus mandshurica792 157 沟谷底部
Gully bottom20 m × 20 m 0.9 40°56′13″N，
116°31′12″E3 水曲柳
Fraxinus mandshurica843 145 沟谷底部
Gully bottom20 m × 20 m 0.6 40°55′59″N，
116°31′01″E4 水曲柳
Fraxinus mandshurica892 154 沟谷底部
Gully bottom20 m × 20 m 0.7 40°55′44″N，
116°31′19″E水曲柳混交林
Mixed forest of
Fraxinus mandshurica5 水曲柳 + 核桃楸
Fraxinus mandshurica +
Juglans mandshurica780 334 沟谷底部
Gully bottom20 m × 20 m 0.8 40°56′13″N，
116°31′05″E6 水曲柳 + 北京杨 + 白桦
Fraxinus mandshurica + Populus beijingensis + Betula platyphylla844 178 沟谷底部
Gully bottom20 m × 20 m 0.5 40°55′59″N，
116°31′01″E7 水曲柳 + 核桃楸
Fraxinus mandshurica + Juglans mandshurica828 166 沟谷底部
Gully bottom20 m × 20 m 0.4 40°55′44″N，
116°31′19″E8 水曲柳 + 华北落叶松 + 红松
Fraxinus mandshurica + Larix pricipis-rupprechtii + Pinus koraiensis827 80 沟谷底部及坡路
Gully bottom and slope20 m × 20 m 0.5 40°55′44″N，
116°31′19″E其他阔叶林
Other broadleaved
forest9 北京杨 + 红松
Populus beijingensis +
Pinus koraiensis827 117 沟谷底部
Gully bottom20 m × 20 m 0.2 40°55′44″N，
116°31′19″E10 北京杨
Populus beijingensis792 343 沟谷底部
Gully bottom20 m × 20 m 0.5 40°56′17″N，
116°31′08″E11 春榆 + 核桃楸
Ulmus japonica +
Juglans mandshurica888 247 沟谷底部
Gully bottom20 m × 20 m 0.8 40°56′31″N，
116°30′18″E12 黑桦 + 山楂
Betula dahurica +
Crataegus pinnatifida900 35 沟谷底部
Gully bottom20 m × 20 m 0.6 40°54′50″N，
116°30′04″E沟谷草甸
Gully meadow13 野大豆 + 龙芽草
Glycine soja + Agrimonia pilosa794 西南
Southwest沟谷底部
Gully bottom15 m × 15 m 0.7 40°56′17″N，
116°31′08″E14 紫菀 + 龙芽草
Aster tataricus + Agrimonia pilosa827 197 沟谷底部
Gully bottom15 m × 15 m 0.9 40°55′44″N，
116°31′19″E15 阿尔泰狗娃花 + 委陵菜
Heteropappus altaicus +
Potentilla chinensis824 287 沟谷底部
Gully bottom15 m × 15 m 0.9 40°57′00″N，
116°32′28″E16 委陵菜 + 北京隐子草
Potentilla chinensis +
Cleistogenes hancei824 287 沟谷底部
Gully bottom15 m × 15 m 0.9 40°57′00″N，
116°32′28″E水曲柳散生个体
Scattered individuals of Fraxinus mandshurica17 水曲柳
Fraxinus mandshurica− − 林缘外侧或道路旁散生
Scattered along the outside of forest margins or roadsides− − − 
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表 2 树木活力度单项因子等级判定标准
Table 2 Judgment standard for single factor grade of tree vitality
生长因子
Growth factor等级评分 Grade rating Ⅰ(1.0) Ⅱ(0.7) Ⅲ(0.4) Ⅳ(0.1) Ⅴ(0.0) 树干通直度
Trunk straightness树干通直，树冠发达
Straight trunk,
well-developed crown树干稍弯曲，树冠较发达
Trunk slightly curved
and crown more developed树干弯曲或分叉，
树冠较窄小或偏冠
Bent or bifurcated trunk,
narrower or off-crowned crown树干弯曲严重，
树冠窄小或偏冠严重
Severe trunk bending,
narrow crown or severe
crown deviation冠幅
Crown width/m≥ 12 9 ~ 12 6 ~ 9 ≥3 ~ 6 0 ~ 3 胸径
DBH/cm≥ 20 15 ~ 20 10 ~ 15 5 ~ 10 0 ~ 5 树高
Tree height/m≥ 12 9 ~ 12 6 ~ 9 3 ~ 6 0 ~ 3 冠长率
Crown length rate/%≥ 65 50 ~ 65 40~ 50 < 40
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表 3 水曲柳活力度生长评价因子权重
Table 3 Weights of vigorous growth evaluation factor of Fraxinus mandshurica
生长因子
Growth factor树干通直度
Trunk straightness (C1)冠幅
Crown width (C2)胸径
DBH (C3)树高
Tree height (C4)冠长率
Crown length rate (C5)特征向量
Eigenvector权重值
WeightC1 1 1/5 1/9 1/7 1/3 0.171 0.034 C2 5 1 1/5 1/3 3 0.626 0.125 C3 9 5 1 3 7 2.442 0.488 C4 7 3 1/3 1 5 1.426 0.285 C5 3 1/3 1/7 1/5 1 0.334 0.067 λmax = 5.364，CI = 0.091，RI = 1.12，CR = 0.081 < 0.1，通过一致性检验 Passing the consistency test 注：λmax为判断矩阵最大特征根；CI为一致性指标；CR为一致性比例；RI为平均随机一致性指标。Notes: λmax is the maximum characteristic root of the judgment matrix; CI is the consistency index；CR is the consistency ratio；RI is the average random consistency index.
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表 4 水曲柳在不同生长环境中的生长表现
Table 4 Growth performance of Fraxinus mandshurica in different environments
生长环境
Growth environment主要树种
Major tree species成活保存率
Survival and preservation rate/%平均树高
Mean tree height/m平均胸径
Mean DBH/cm平均冠幅
Mean crown width/m干性
Dryness冠长率
Crown length rate树木活力度
Tree vigorous degree水曲柳纯林
Pure forest of Fraxinus mandshurica水曲柳
Fraxinus mandshurica91.53 8.17 ± 2.76b 7.86 ± 3.62b 3.18 ± 1.35b 1.98 ± 0.71a 0.60 ± 0.21b 0.27 水曲柳混交林
Mixed forest of Fraxinus mandshurica水曲柳
Fraxinus mandshurica100 8.76 ± 4.76b 9.26 ± 5.16b 2.70 ± 1.17b 2.00 ± 0.66a 0.69 ± 0.14a 0.32 水曲柳散生个体
Scattered individuals of Fraxinus mandshurica水曲柳
Fraxinus mandshurica100 10.79 ± 1.90a 15.21 ± 4.14a 4.71 ± 1.36a 1.83 ± 0.91a 0.68 ± 0.15a 0.59 注：同列不同字母表示水曲柳个体生长表现在不同生长环境中差异显著（P < 0.05）。Note: same column containing different letters indicate that the individual growth performance of Fraxinus mandshurica is significantly different between varied growth environments (P < 0.05).
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表 5 不同群落物种多样性指数
Table 5 Species diversity indices of different communities
物种多样性指数
Species diversity index层次
Layer水曲柳纯林
Pure forest of Fraxinus mandshurica水曲柳混交林
Mixed forest of Fraxinus mandshurica其他阔叶林
Other broadleaved forest沟谷草甸
Gully meadow物种丰富度指数
Species richness index (S)乔木层
Tree layer1.000 ± 0.000b 4.750 ± 2.500a 4.500 ± 2.517a 灌木层
Shrub layer7.000 ± 5.354a 6.500 ± 3.416a 11.000 ± 4.082a 草本层
Herb layer15.750 ± 5.560a 14.500 ± 3.416a 16.250 ± 5.189a 13.500 ± 5.568a 整体
Whole8.750 ± 8.487a 8.583 ± 5.265a 10.583 ± 6.230a 13.500 ± 5.568a Simpson指数
Simpson dominance index (D)乔木层
Tree layer0.000 ± 0.000b 0.631 ± 0.200a 0.527 ± 0.360a 灌木层
Shrub layer0.557 ± 0.340a 0.717 ± 0.097a 0.843 ± 0.057a 草本层
Herb layer0.901 ± 0.031a 0.900 ± 0.021a 0.913 ± 0.024a 0.867 ± 0.053a 整体
Whole0.490 ± 0.445b 0.750 ± 0.165ab 0.761 ± 0.260ab 0.867 ± 0.053a Shannon-Wiener指数Shannon-Wiener index (Hsw) 乔木层
Tree layer0.000 ± 0.000b 1.244 ± 0.544a 1.096 ± 0.769a 灌木层
Shrub layer1.314 ± 1.043a 1.507 ± 0.422a 2.206 ± 0.546a 草本层
Herb layer2.541 ± 0.343a 2.486 ± 0.225a 2.605 ± 0.310a 2.261 ± 0.388a 整体
Whole1.318 ± 1.261a 1.745 ± 0.674a 1.931 ± 0.809a 2.261 ± 0.388a Pielou指数
Pielou eveness index (Jsw)乔木层
Tree layer0.000 ± 0.000b 0.847 ± 0.058a 0.633 ± 0.427a 灌木层
Shrub layer0.614 ± 0.420a 0.865 ± 0.082a 0.934 ± 0.108a 草本层
Herb layer0.934 ± 0.025a 0.938 ± 0.023a 0.937 ± 0.032a 0.903 ± 0.044a 整体
Whole0.511 ± 0.456b 0.884 ± 0.068a 0.820 ± 0.264a 0.903 ± 0.044a 注：沟谷草甸这一群落类型只有草本层，仅对其和其他群落类型的草本层和整体之间的物种多样性指数进行比较。不同小写字母表示在相同层次中不同群落类型的物种多样性指数差异显著（P < 0.05）。Notes: there is only the herb layer in the community type of valley meadow, so only the species diversity index between it and the herb layer and the whole of other community types are compared. Different lowercase letters indicate that the species diversity index of different community types at the same level is significantly different (P < 0.05).
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