Relationship between functional diversity of broadleaved Korean pine forest and forest carbon sink function
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摘要:目的 阐明生物多样性与生态系统功能关系及其作用机制，不仅具有重要的生态理论价值，同时能够为以“生物多样性与生态系统功能同步提升”为目标的森林多功能经营提供科学理论支撑。然而阔叶红松林中生物多样性如何影响森林碳汇功能目前并不十分清楚，本研究旨在揭示功能多样性和功能组成对森林碳汇功能的影响机制，为促进阔叶红松林“固碳增汇”提供理论依据。方法 以吉林蛟河30 hm2阔叶红松林固定样地为研究对象，通过采集植物功能性状计算功能多样性和功能组成用于表征生物多样性，并通过结构方程模型检验了生态位互补效应、生物量比率效应以及植被数量效应对生物多样性−森林碳储量和碳增量的影响。结果 （1）生物多样性是森林碳汇功能的重要影响因素，提高功能多样性有助于提高森林碳增量，提高缓生−保守型性状的组成比例有助于提高森林碳储量，而保持一定的林分密度同样有利于充分地利用资源、提高森林固碳能力。（2）研究结果同时验证了生态位互补效应、生物量比率效应和植被数量效应假说，解释变量共同解释了13%的森林碳储量的变化以及36%的森林碳增量的变化。结论 碳储量和碳增量是森林生态系统碳汇功能的重要反映和直接体现，本研究在一定程度上揭示了生物多样性与森林碳汇功能关系的作用机制，表明阔叶红松林中生物多样性与碳汇功能的关系格局是多种生态学机制共同作用的结果。研究结果能够为实现阔叶红松林“固碳增汇”以及“生物多样性与生态系统功能同步提升”提供一定的理论依据。Abstract:Objective Exploring the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functions (BEF) was proposed to be a central issue in ecology and a key prerequisite for multi-functional forest management. However, the specific mechanisms regulating biodiversity and forest carbon sink function relationship in broadleaved Korean pine forests were still not understood very well. Based on the observations from a 30 ha broadleaved Korean pine forest sample plot in Jiaohe, northeastern China, this study aimed to clarify how different facets of biodiversity (i.e., functional diversity and composition) influence forest carbon sink functions.Method Functional diversity and composition were obtained from seven plant functional traits. A structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to test three alternative hypothesized mechanisms, including niche complementary effect, biomass ratio effect and vegetation quantity effect, which had the potential to regulate the biodiversity and carbon sink relationship.Result (1) Biodiversity is an important influencing factor of forest carbon sink function. Improving functional diversity will help to increase forest carbon increment, and increasing the proportion of slow growth conservative traits will help to increase forest carbon storage. Maintaining a certain stand density will also help to fully utilize resources and improve forest carbon fixation capacity. (2) The results also verified the hypothesis of niche complementary effect, biomass ratio effect and vegetation quantity effect. The explanatory variables together explained the change of 13% forest carbon stock and 36% forest carbon increment.Conclusion Carbon storage and carbon increment are important reflection and direct embodiment of carbon sink function of forest ecosystem. This study has revealed the mechanism of the relationship between biodiversity and forest carbon sink function to a certain extent, indicating that the relationship pattern between biodiversity and carbon sink function in broadleaved Korean pine forest is the result of multiple ecological mechanisms. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the realization of “carbon fixation and sink enhancement” and “simultaneous enhancement of biodiversity and ecosystem functions” of broadleaved Korean pine forests.
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图 1 阔叶红松林样地示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the broadleaved and Korean pine mixed forest sample plot
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图 2 生物多样性与森林碳汇功能关系理论模型
Figure 2. Theoretical model employed to explore the relationship of biodiversity and carbon sink function
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图 3 群落加权平均性状的主成分排序图
蓝色圆点表示20 m × 20 m的样方，红色箭头表示功能性状的群落加权平均值。Blue dots represent the 20 m × 20 m forest quadrats, and red arrows depict the community weighted mean traits (CWMs).
Figure 3. Biplot of the principal component analysis for community weighted mean traits
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图 4 地形因子的主成分排序图
蓝色圆点表示20 m × 20 m的森林样方，红色箭头表示地形因子。ELE.海拔；SLO.坡度；ASP.坡向；CON.凸凹度。Blue dots represent the 20 m × 20 m forest quadrats, and red arrows depict the topographical factors, ELE, elevation; SLO, slope; ASP, aspect; CON, convexity.
Figure 4. Biplot of the principal component analysis for topographical factors
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图 5 生物多样性与森林碳汇功能作用机制的结构方程模型分析
标准化均方根残差 < 0.01。红色线条表示正关系，绿色线条表示负关系；实线表示关系显著（P < 0.05），虚线表示关系不显著（P > 0.05）。线条上的数字为标准化的路径系数，线条粗细反映路径系数的大小。R2为决定系数，反映被解释量的大小。缩写字母解释同图2 ~ 4，字母旁的‘↑’和‘↓’分别表示主成分值随变量上升或下降。Standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) < 0.01. Red arrows represent positive effects, and the green arrows represent negative effects. The solid lines represent significant relationships (P < 0.05), while dashed lines represent insignificant relationship (P > 0.05). The values next to the lines are the standardized path coefficients (SPC). The line thickness is proportional to the standardized path coefficient. R2 represents the percentage of the response variations explained by the observed variables. The abbreviations of variables are the same as shown in Fig. 2-4; the symbols ‘↑’ and ‘↓’ indicate a significant increase or decrease, respectively.
Figure 5. Results of the structural equation model for the relationship of biodiversity and carbon sink function
表 1 功能性状的生物学和生态学意义
Table 1 Biological and ecological significance of functional traits
功能性状 Functional trait 单位 Unit 生态学意义 Ecological significance 叶面积
Leaf area (LA)mm2 反映植物获取光照的能力
Reflecting the ability of plants to obtain light比叶面积
Specific leaf area (SLA)mm2/g 叶经济谱之一，反映植物获取单位面积光照所进行的投资以及植物的耐荫性
One of the leaf economic spectra, which reflects the investment made by plants to obtain light per unit area and the shade tolerance of plants叶干物质含量
Leaf dry matter content (LDMC)mg/g 叶经济谱之一，反映叶片能量−水分平衡，同时体现植物生长−存活权衡策略
One of the leaf economic spectra, which reflects the energy water balance of leaves and the trade-off strategy of plant growth survival叶碳含量
Leaf carbon concentration (LC)mg/g 反映植物的碳累积速率
Reflecting the carbon accumulation rate of plants叶氮含量
Leaf nitrogen concentration (LN)mg/g 叶经济谱之一，反映植物获取氮元素的能力以及最大光合速率
One of the leaf economic spectra, reflecting the ability of plants to obtain nitrogen and the maximum photosynthetic rate叶碳氮比
Leaf carbon nitrogen ratio (C/N)% 反映植物碳氮代谢状况以及营养利用效率
Reflecting plant carbon and nitrogen metabolism and nutrient utilization efficiency木质密度
Wood density (WD)g/mm3 茎经济谱之一，反映植物的生长−存活权衡策略
One of the stem economic spectrum, reflecting the plant growth survival trade-off strategy
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