Research on the measurement method of forest spatial structure diversity based on 4 neighborhood tree relationship
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摘要:
目的 深入剖析林分空间结构参数四元分布的生态意义，构筑基于相邻木关系的林分空间结构多样性综合评价指数，为制订有的放矢的森林结构调整策略提供理论依据。 方法 基于生物多样性概念，以参照树与其最近的4株相邻木组成的结构单元为对象，有机整合结构参数角尺度、混交度、大小比数和密集度的四元分布及结构单元树种数和林层数，运用遗传绝对距离公式、自然对数分别表达结构单元类型均匀性和丰富度，构造表达林分空间结构多样性测度指数，并运用长期定位监测样地数据进行验证。 结果 运用本研究提出的林分空间结构多样性指数（DFS）对处于不同气候带或不同起源的森林类型的空间结构多样性测度表明，锐齿栎天然林的DFS值（0.854）与阔叶红松林的DFS值（0.852）几乎相等，二者具有相似的空间结构多样性。侧柏人工林结构参数四元分布类型较多，高于锐齿栎天然林和红松阔叶林，但其空间结构多样性为3个林分类型中最低的（DFS = 0.382），主要原因是其垂直结构（DFSv = 0.369）和水平结构（DFSh = 0.562）多样性方面都比两类天然林低。结构单元中的平均树种数表现为天然林高于人工林，锐齿栎天然林为4.23，阔叶红松天然林为4.09，而侧柏人工林则为1.98，结构单元树种数能充分体现结构单元树种丰富程度。 结论 林分空间结构参数四元分布、结构单元树种数和林层数3者的有机整合是构造有效的林分空间结构多样性指数的基石。基于生物多样性概念提出的林分空间结构多样性指数DFS，既是对结构参数四元分布合适的量化表达，也是对结构参数四元分布生态意义恰当的诠释，更是对林分空间结构多样性的科学综合评价，能够测度出不同林分类型林分空间结构多样性的差异。 Abstract:Objective The ecological significance of 4-variate distribution of stand spatial structure parameters was deeply analyzed and a comprehensive evaluation index of stand spatial structure diversity based on the relationship between adjacent trees was constructed to provide a theoretical basis for formulating targeted forest structure adjustment strategies. Method Based on the concept of biodiversity, taking the structural unit which was composed by reference tree and its nearest four adjacent trees as the object, organically integrating the 4-variate distribution of structural parameters of uniform angle index, mingling, neighborhood comparison and crowding, as well as the number of structural unit trees and forest layers, the genetic absolute distance formula and natural logarithm were used to express the evenness and richness of structural unit types, respectively, and the stand spatial structure diversity index was constructed. The validity of index was verified by long-term positioning monitoring sample plot data. Result Using the stand spatial structure diversity index (DFS) proposed in this study to measure the spatial structure diversity of forest types in different climatic zones or different origins, it was showed that the DFS values of Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata natural forest (0.854) and broadleaved Pinus koraiensis forest (0.852) were almost the same, indicating that the two forest stands had similar spatial structural diversity. The 4-variate distribution types of Platycladus orientalis plantation were higher than other natural forest, however, its spatial structural diversity (DFS = 0.382) was the lowest in the three stand types, mainly due to its lower diversity in both vertical (DFSv = 0.369) and horizontal (DFSh = 0.562) structure than the two natural forest stands. The average number of tree species in the structural units was higher in natural forest than in plantation, with 4.23 in Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata forest, 4.09 in Pinus koraiensis forest, and 1.98 in Platycladus orientalis plantation. The number of tree species in a structural unit fully demonstrated species richness of the structural unit. Conclusion The integration of the three numbers including 4-variate distribution of stand spatial structure parameters, the number of tree species and number of forest layers in structure unit lay the foundation for constructing a valid spatial structure diversity index for forest stands. The stand spatial structural diversity index (DFS), based on the concept of biodiversity, is not only a feasible quantitative expression of the 4-variate distribution of structural parameters, but also is an appropriate interpretation of the ecological significance of the 4-variate distribution of structural parameters, and a comprehensive scientific evaluation of the spatial structural diversity of the stand. The index is able to measure the difference of stand spatial structure diversity of different stand types. -
图 1 林木分布图
圆圈的不同颜色代表不同树种，圆圈大小代表林木的相对大小；外框为样地大小，内框为分析区，外框与内框之间为缓冲区。Different colors of circles represent tree species, and the size of circles represents the relative size of trees; the outer frame is the sample plot size, the inner frame is the analysis area, and the buffer area is between the outer frame and the inner frame.
Figure 1. Tree distribution map
图 2 林分空间结构单元
i代表结构单元中的参照树；1、2、3、4分别代表参照树最近的4株相邻木。i represents the reference tree in the structural unit; and 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the nearest four adjacent trees of the reference tree, respectively.
Figure 2. Stand spatial structural units
图 3 锐齿栎天然林结构参数四元分布
Mi.混交度；Wi.角尺度；Ui.大小比数；Ci.密集指数。下同。Mi, mingling; Wi, uniform angle index; Ui, neighborhood comparison; Ci, crowding index. The same below.
Figure 3. Quadrivariate distribution of Quercus alienavar. acuteserrata natural forest structural parameters
图 4 阔叶红松林结构参数四元分布
Figure 4. Quadrivariate distribution of broadleaved Pinus koraiensis forest structural parameters
图 5 侧柏人工林结构参数四元分布
Figure 5. Quadrivariate distribution of Platycladus orientalis plantation structural parameters
表 1 林分概况
Table 1. Overview of forest stands
样地代号
Sample plot code林分类型
Stand type样地位置
Sample plot location树种数
Tree species number林层数
Number
of forest layer林分断面积/
(m2·hm−2)
Stand basal
area/(m2·ha−1)平均胸径
Mean DBH/cm优势木高
Dominant tree height/m冠幅直径
Crown diameter/m密度/
(株·hm−2)
Density/
(tree·ha−1)A 锐齿栎天然林
Quercus aliena var.
acutiserrata natural forest甘肃小陇山百花林场
Baihua Forest Farm of Xiaolongshan Mountain, Gansu33 2.7 26.91 18.5 16.1 3.98 1 006 B 红松阔叶林
Broadleaved Pinus koraiensis forest吉林蛟河东大坡
Dongdapo of Jiaohe, Jilin22 2.8 28.07 21.6 18.4 6.06 766 C 侧柏人工林
Platycladus orientalis plantation北京九龙山
Jiulongshan Mountain, Beijing8 1.5 20.38 10.4 11.3 2.67 2 388 
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表 2 结构单元树种数及其占比
Table 2. Number and percentage of tree species in structural units
树种数
Number of tree species红松阔叶林
Broadleaved Pinus koraiensis forest锐齿栎天然林
Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata natural forest侧柏人工林
Platycladus orientalis plantation结构单元数
Number of
structural unit结构单元比例
Percentage of
structural unit/%结构单元数
Number of
structural unit结构单元比例
Percentage of
structural unit/%结构单元数
Number of
structural unit结构单元比例
Percentage of
structural unit/%1 17 2.62 5 1.59 182 50.56 2 42 6.48 9 2.86 84 23.33 3 88 13.58 42 13.33 38 10.56 4 219 33.80 112 35.56 32 8.89 5 282 43.52 147 46.67 24 6.67 结构单元平均树种数
Average number of tree
species of structural unit4.09 4.23 1.98
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表 3 林分水平空间结构多样性评价指标
Table 3. Evaluation indicators for diversity of horizontal spatial structure of stands
林分类型
Stand type结构单元类型 Type of structural unit (Ns) 结构单元平均种数 Average species number of structural unit ($ \overline s $) 结构单元林层数均值 Average number of forest layer of structural unit ($ {\overline {N_{\rm{c}}} } $) 结构单元均匀性 Uniformity of structural unit (NSE) 结构单元丰富度 Richness of structural unit (NSR) 结构单元树种丰富度 Tree species richness of structural unit (SSR) 水平结构多样性 Diversity of horizontal structure (DFSh) 垂直结构多样性 Diversity of vertical structure (DFSv) 林分空间结构多样性 Diversity of stand spatial structure (DFS) 林分空间结构多样性等级 Grade of stand spatial structure diversity 锐齿栎天然林 Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata natural forest 130 4.23 2.7 0.669 0.756 0.896 0.805 0.904 0.854 非常好
Very good红松阔叶林 Broadleaved Pinus koraiensis forest 129 4.09 2.8 0.558 0.755 0.875 0.766 0.937 0.852 非常好
Very good侧柏人工林 Platycladus orientalis plantation 134 1.98 1.5 0.641 0.761 0.424 0.562 0.369 0.382 较差
Inferior
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