基于混合效应和分位数回归的温带针阔混交林树高与胸径关系研究

程雯; 武晓昱; 叶尔江·拜克吐尔汉; 王娟; 赵秀海; 张春雨

doi:10.12171/j.1000-1522.20220428

基于混合效应和分位数回归的温带针阔混交林树高与胸径关系研究

1.
北京林业大学国家林业和草原局森林经营工程技术研究中心，北京 100083
2.
北京林业大学理学院，北京 100083
3.
新疆农业大学林学与风景园林学院，新疆干旱区林业生态与产业技术重点实验室，新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
4.
北京林业大学生态与自然保护学院，北京 100083

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划重点专项（2022YFD2201004-4）。

详细信息

作者简介:
程雯。主要研究方向：森林生态学。Email：Chengwen17@bjfu.edu.cn　地址：100083 北京市海淀区清华东路 35 号

责任作者:
王娟，副教授。主要研究方向：森林生态学、繁殖生态学。Email：wangjuan@bjfu.edu.cn　地址：同上。

中图分类号: S757
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-10-26
- 修回日期: 2022-12-04
- 录用日期: 2023-12-17
- 网络出版日期: 2023-12-20
- 刊出日期: 2024-01-31

Research on the relationship between tree height and DBH of temperate coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests based on mixed effects and quantile regression

1.
Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
2.
School of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
3.
College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for Forest Ecology and Industrial Technology in Arid Zone, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
4.
School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

摘要

摘要:
目的
基于非线性回归和广义模型构建不同分位数回归和混合效应的树高预测方程，并对比分析非线性模型、不同分位点（τ = 0.1，0.2，0.3，0.4，0.5，0.6，0.7，0.8，0.9）模型、广义模型及非线性混合效应模型的拟合效果和预测精度，为研究林分生长和收获提供理论依据。
方法
本研究以吉林蛟河地区针阔混交林的主要树种（红松、色木槭、紫椴和水曲柳）为研究对象，基于21.12 hm²样地数据，首先在11个广泛使用的树高方程基础模型中选定基础模型；其次探究林分变量对树高的影响并构建含林分变量的广义模型；最后在基础模型和广义模型的基础上，构建分位数模型，同时考虑样方效应对树高的影响，构建混合效应模型。
结果
（1）各树种均以Richards模型拟合精度更高，且具有生物学意义，选定为基础模型；考虑林分变量与树高的相关性以及模型收敛性，加入优势木高建立的广义模型能显著提高拟合效果。（2）各树种均为中位数τ = 0.5时模型拟合效果最佳，且与非线性回归预测精度相近，红松、色木槭、紫椴和水曲柳最高R²值分别为0.811、0.809、0.724和0.617，广义中位数回归预测能力得到进一步提高，R²值分别为0.891、0.874、0.858和0.627。（3）混合效应模型相对其他模型能显著提高预测精度，其中基础混合模型略优于广义混合模型，4个树种R²值达到0.937、0.919、0.906和0.643，表明包含样方效应的混合模型能得到更准确更稳定的预测结果。
结论
与传统方法建立的基础模型和广义模型以及两者的中位数回归模型相较，基于非线性混合效应构建的树高−胸径模型预测精度更高，其中基于基础混合效应构建的吉林蛟河地区混交林树高−胸径模型更具优越性和稳定性。
- 分位数回归 /
- 树高−胸径模型 /
- 混合效应模型 /
- 广义模型 /
- 针阔混交林
Abstract:
Objective
The aim of this study was to construct tree height equation for quantile regression and mixed-effects based on nonlinear regression and generalized models. And fitting effect and prediction accuracy of nonlinear models, different quntile models (τ = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9), generalized models and nonlinear mixed-effects models were compared and analyzed, so as to provide theoretical basis for further study of stand growth and harvest.
Method
Based on 21.12 ha sample plot data, taking the main tree species (Pinus koraiensis, Acer mono, Tilia amurensis and Fraxinus mandshurica) from coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest of Jiaohe, Jilin Province of northeastern China as the research object. And the base model was first selected from 11 widely-used tree height equations, then we explored the influence of stand variables on tree height and constructed generalized model containing stand variables. Finally, on the basis of basic model and the generalized model, the quantile model was constructed, and the mixed-effect model was established considering the impact of sample effect on tree height.
Result
(1) Richards was selected as base model for all tree species because of its higher fitting accuracy and biological significance. And considering the correlation between stand variables and tree height and the convergence of models, the generalized model established by adding dominant tree height can significantly improve the fitting effect. (2) All models based on the median (τ = 0.5) performed best, and the prediction accuracy was close to the nonlinear regression. The highest R² values of Pinus koraiensis, Acer mono, Tilia amurensis and Fraxinus mandshurica were 0.811, 0.809, 0.724 and 0.617, respectively. The generalized median regression prediction ability was further improved, and R² values were 0.891, 0.874, 0.858 and 0.627, respectively. (3) Mixed-effect models can significantly improve the prediction accuracy compared with other models, among which base mixed model was slightly better than generalized mixed model, and the R² values of four tree species reached 0.937, 0.919, 0.906 and 0.643, respectively, indicating that mixed models including sample effect can improve the more accurate and stable prediction results.
Conclusion
Compared with base model, generalized model and median regression model established by traditional methods, the height-diameter model based on nonlinear mixed-effects has higher prediction accuracy, and base mixed-effects model has superiority and stability for height-DBH model construction of mixed forests in Jiaohe, Jilin Province of northeastern China.
- quantile regression /
- tree height-DBH model /
- mixed-effect model /
- generalized model /
- broadleaf-conifer mixed forest

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图 1 基础混合效应模型（A1、B1、C1、D1）和广义混合效应模型（A2、B2、C2、D2）的残差分布图

Figure 1. Residual plots of base mixed-effect models (A1, B1, C1, D1) and generalized mixed-effect models (A2, B2, C2, D2)

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表 1 优势树种主要指标统计

Table 1 Main indicator statistics of dominant tree species

树种 Tree species	重要值 Important value	多度 Abundance	频度 Frequency	胸高断面积/（m²·hm⁻²） Basal area/（m²·ha⁻¹）
色木槭 Acer mono	11.42	3 071	505	87.58
水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica	11.13	1 861	420	119.81
紫椴 Tilia amurensis	9.46	1 825	472	84.91
红松 Pinus koraiensis	8.21	1 535	411	74.72
暴马丁香 Syringa reticulata	7.28	3 483	466	4.66
春榆 Ulmus davidiana	6.79	2 279	446	26.94
拧筋槭 Acer triflorum	6.51	1 474	444	41.76
蒙古栎 Quercus mongolica	5.62	646	337	55.80
白牛槭 Acer mandshuricum	4.67	1 492	358	15.56
白桦 Betula platyphylla	4.44	876	249	36.81

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表 2 单木树高−胸径模型拟合及检验数据

Table 2 Fitting and testing data of individual tree height-DBH model

数据分类 Dataset classification	树种 Tree species	样本数 Number of sample	胸径 DBH/cm				树高 Tree height/m
数据分类 Dataset classification	树种 Tree species	样本数 Number of sample	平均值 Mean	最小值 Min. value	最大值 Max. value	标准差 SD	平均值 Mean	最小值 Min. value	最大值 Max. value	标准差 SD
拟合数据 Fitting data	红松 Pinus koraiensis	1 226	19.14	1.60	75.80	15.90	12.25	1.00	33.40	6.75
	色木槭 Acer mono	2 452	14.13	1.20	88.80	12.62	11.22	2.00	37.20	6.10
	紫椴 Tilia amurensis	1 458	19.86	1.20	70.40	13.76	14.42	1.60	32.70	6.36
	水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica	1 484	26.17	2.00	75.00	12.32	17.82	2.70	27.30	4.15
检验数据 Testing data	红松 Pinus koraiensis	305	19.28	2.00	65.30	16.12	12.11	1.90	34.40	6.98
	色木槭 Acer mono	614	14.32	1.40	62.00	12.55	11.49	1.20	29.40	6.42
	紫椴 Tilia amurensis	364	20.12	1.70	65.80	14.60	14.45	1.80	34.00	6.68
	水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica	372	24.84	1.80	62.40	11.76	17.75	4.50	27.00	4.21

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表 3 林分调查因子统计表

Table 3 Statistical table of stand description factors

数据分类 Dataset classification	树种 Tree species	胸高断面积/（m²·hm⁻²） Basal area/（m²·ha⁻¹）				林分密度/（株·hm⁻²） Stand density/（tree·ha⁻¹）				优势木高 Dominant tree height/m
数据分类 Dataset classification	树种 Tree species	平均值 Mean	最小值 Min. value	最大值 Max. value	标准差 SD	平均值 Mean	最小值 Min. value	最大值 Max. value	标准差 SD	平均值 Mean	最小值 Min. value	最大值 Max. value	标准差 SD
拟合数据 Fitting data	红松 Pinus koraiensis	32.91	15.10	257.89	13.62	1 223.63	350	2 900	384.76	16.30	1.80	33.40	6.97
	色木槭 Acer mono	32.66	15.02	257.89	17.34	1 244.02	350	3 100	400.18	16.98	4.00	37.20	5.56
	紫椴 Tilia amurensis	34.00	15.02	257.89	14.38	1 284.93	350	2 900	387.05	19.62	3.40	34.00	4.79
	水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica	31.44	15.02	257.89	15.41	1 420.70	350	3 100	447.84	24.21	2.80	35.30	4.49
检验数据 Testing data	红松 Pinus koraiensis	33.49	19.21	58.18	7.35	1 215.16	450	2 575	346.34	16.88	2.00	33.40	7.14
	色木槭 Acer mono	33.46	16.19	257.89	16.51	1 258.15	450	2 900	374.19	17.23	3.20	37.20	5.31
	紫椴 Tilia amurensis	33.82	15.02	257.89	16.92	1 310.16	600	2 900	412.81	19.67	6.20	34.00	5.15
	水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica	31.91	15.10	257.89	21.16	1 488.58	600	3 100	443.16	24.95	15.20	34.80	3.97

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表 4 候选树高−胸径关系模型

Table 4 Candidate models of tree height-DBH relation

模型编号 Model No.	表达式 Equation	参考文献 Reference
M1	$H=1.3 + {\beta }_{1}{D}^{{\beta }_{2}}$	[14]
M2	$H=1.3+\beta_1\left[\dfrac{D}{1+D}\right]^{\beta_2}$	[15]
M3	$H=1.3+\exp\left(\beta_1+\dfrac{\beta_2}{D+1}\right)$	[16]
M4	$H=1.3 + {\beta }_{1}\left[1-\exp\left(-{\beta }_{2}D\right)\right]$	[17]
M5	$H=1.3 + {\beta }_{1}\exp\left(\dfrac{{\beta }_{2}}{D}\right)$	[18]
M6	$H=1.3 + {{\beta }_{1}[1-\exp(-{\beta }_{2}D\left)\right]}^{{\beta }_{3}}$	[19]
M7	$H=1.3 + {\beta }_{1}{D}^{\left[{\beta }_{2}{D}^{(-{\beta }_{3})}\right]}$	[20]
M8	$H=1.3+\exp\left(\beta_1+\dfrac{\beta_2}{D+\beta_3}\right)$	[21]
M9	$H=1.3 + {\beta }_{1}\exp\left[-{\beta }_{2}\exp\left(-{\beta }_{3}D\right)\right]$	[22]
M10	$H=1.3+\dfrac{D^2}{\beta_1+\beta_2D+\beta_3D^2}$	[23]
M11	$H=1.3+\dfrac{\beta_1}{1+\beta_2\exp\left(-\beta_3D\right)}$	[24]
注：H为树高预测值；D为胸径；β₁、β₂、β₃为模型参数。Notes: H is the predicted tree height; D is the DBH; β₁, β₂ and β₃ are the model parameters.

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表 5 候选模型拟合与评价

Table 5 Fitting and evaluation of candidate models

模型 Model	红松 Pinus koraiensis			色木槭 Acer mono			紫椴 Tilia amurensis			水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica
模型 Model	MAE	RMSE	R²	MAE	RMSE	R²	MAE	RMSE	R²	MAE	RMSE	R²
M1	2.381	3.153	0.780	2.118	2.846	0.781	2.818	3.582	0.684	2.248	2.774	0.552
M2	2.361	3.128	0.784	2.080	2.806	0.787	2.521	3.357	0.722	2.079	2.571	0.615
M3	2.211	2.982	0.803	1.926	2.697	0.803	2.503	3.344	0.724	2.083	2.575	0.614
M4	2.179	2.945	0.808	1.895	2.654	0.809	2.530	3.343	0.724	2.088	2.575	0.614
M5	2.279	3.032	0.797	2.030	2.772	0.793	2.547	3.374	0.719	2.076	2.568	0.616
M6	2.140	2.925	0.811	1.890	2.654	0.809	2.491	3.332	0.726	2.063	2.557	0.619
M7	2.149	2.936	0.809	1.887	2.653	0.809	2.495	3.337	0.725	2.069	2.562	0.617
M8	2.144	2.932	0.810	1.888	2.652	0.810	2.496	3.335	0.725	2.074	2.565	0.617
M9	2.174	2.945	0.808	1.931	2.691	0.804	2.513	3.348	0.723	2.077	2.570	0.615
M10	2.146	2.935	0.809	1.887	2.652	0.810	2.493	3.336	0.725	2.068	2.560	0.618
M11	2.231	2.991	0.802	1.986	2.742	0.796	2.553	3.381	0.718	2.091	2.587	0.610
注：MAE.平均绝对误差；RMSE.均方根误差；R².决定系数。下同。Notes: MAE, mean absolute error; RMSE, root mean squared error; R², coefficient of determination. The same below.

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表 6 树高与林分变量相关性分析

Table 6 Correlation analysis between tree height and stand variables

树种 Tree species	因子 Factor	树高 Tree height	胸径 DBH	胸高断面积 Basal area	林分密度 Stand density	优势木高 Dominate tree height
红松 Pinus koraiensis	树高 Tree height	1.000
	胸径 DBH	0.855^**	1.000
	胸高断面积 Basal area	0.020	0.040	1.000
	林分密度 Stand density	0.010	0.006	0.092^**	1.000
	优势木高 Dominate tree height	0.587^**	0.440^**	0.069^*	0.018	1.000
色木槭 Acer mono	树高Tree height	1.000
	胸径 DBH	0.845^**	1.000
	胸高断面积 Basal area	0.031	0.030	1.000
	林分密度 Stand density	−0.284^**	−0.270^**	0.089^**	1.000
	优势木高 Dominate tree height	0.484^**	0.353^**	0.139^**	−0.261^**	1.000
紫椴 Tilia amurensis	树高 Tree height	1.000
	胸径 DBH	0.776^**	1.000
	胸高断面积 Basal area	0.068^**	0.064^**	1.000
	林分密度 Stand density	−0.207^**	−0.200^**	0.105^**	1.000
	优势木高 Dominate tree height	0.537^**	0.294^**	0.178^**	−0.175^**	1.000
水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica	树高Tree height	1.000
	胸径 DBH	0.684^**	1.000
	胸高断面积 Basal area	0.067^**	0.133^**	1.000
	林分密度 Stand density	−0.037	−0.081^**	0.084^**	1.000
	优势木高 Dominate tree height	0.256^**	0.264^**	−0.021^**	0.318^**	1.000
注：^** 表示两个变量在 P < 0.01 水平上显著相关，^* 表示两个变量在 P < 0.05 水平上显著相关。Notes:^** means significant correlation at P < 0.01 level between two variables, ^* means significant correlation at P < 0.05 level between two variables.

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表 7 分位数回归模型拟合精度

Table 7 Goodness-of-fit tests for quantile regression models

分位数 Quantile	红松 Pinus koraiensis			色木槭 Acer mono			紫椴 Tilia amurensis			水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica
分位数 Quantile	MAE	RMSE	R²	MAE	RMSE	R²	MAE	RMSE	R²	MAE	RMSE	R²
Richards	2.140	2.925	0.811	1.890	2.654	0.809	2.491	3.332	0.726	2.063	2.557	0.619
0.1	3.415	4.497	0.780	3.103	4.105	0.770	4.029	5.166	0.696	3.426	4.156	0.614
0.2	2.779	3.826	0.793	2.460	3.406	0.793	3.140	4.238	0.715	2.680	3.387	0.615
0.3	2.368	3.322	0.805	2.081	2.963	0.804	2.742	3.791	0.720	2.323	2.976	0.615
0.4	2.179	3.063	0.809	1.924	2.764	0.807	2.520	3.493	0.723	2.116	2.693	0.615
0.5	2.122	2.942	0.811	1.873	2.666	0.809	2.461	3.374	0.724	2.056	2.583	0.617
0.6	2.191	2.953	0.810	1.918	2.675	0.808	2.542	3.363	0.724	2.119	2.596	0.616
0.7	2.440	3.181	0.807	2.161	2.897	0.803	2.830	3.630	0.719	2.372	2.846	0.614
0.8	2.912	3.690	0.797	2.577	3.354	0.791	3.388	4.268	0.697	2.887	3.422	0.615
0.9	4.081	5.027	0.753	3.451	4.293	0.762	4.629	5.519	0.679	3.965	4.582	0.602

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表 8 分位数模型验证评价结果

Table 8 Quantile model validation evaluation results

方法 Method	红松 Pinus koraiensis		色木槭 Acer mono		紫椴 Tilia amurensis		水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica
方法 Method	RMSE	MAE	RMSE	MAE	RMSE	MAE	RMSE	MAE
中位数回归 Median regression	2.963	2.094	2.898	2.020	3.540	2.549	2.560	2.050
九分位数组合 Nine quantile combination	2.956	2.118	2.997	2.185	3.510	2.761	2.601	2.150
五分位数组合 Five quantile combination	2.927	2.095	2.971	2.155	3.507	2.758	2.602	2.152
三分位数组合 Triquartile combination	2.926	2.092	2.983	2.162	3.596	2.851	2.592	2.139

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表 11 树高−胸径模型拟合评价统计量

Table 11 Fitting and evaluation statistics of tree height-DBH models

树种 Tree species	指标 Index	基础模型 Base model	广义模型 Generalized model	中位数回归 Median quantile regression		非线性混合效应 Nonlinear mixed-effects
树种 Tree species	指标 Index	基础模型 Base model	广义模型 Generalized model	简单模型 Simple model	广义模型 Generalized model	简单模型 Simple model	广义模型 Generalized model
红松 Pinus koraiensis	MAE	2.140	1.669	2.122	1.666	1.259	1.358
	RMSE	2.925	2.225	2.942	2.228	1.687	1.826
	R²	0.811	0.891	0.811	0.891	0.937	0.927
色木槭 Acer mono	MAE	1.890	1.575	1.873	1.568	1.258	1.359
	RMSE	2.654	2.159	2.666	2.166	1.740	1.875
	R²	0.809	0.875	0.809	0.874	0.919	0.906
紫椴 Tilia amurensis	MAE	2.491	1.722	2.461	1.706	1.399	1.611
	RMSE	3.332	3.379	3.374	2.401	1.955	2.235
	R²	0.726	0.860	0.724	0.858	0.906	0.877
水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica	MAE	2.063	2.041	2.056	2.031	2.004	2.527
	RMSE	2.557	2.524	2.583	2.536	2.478	2.038
	R²	0.619	0.629	0.617	0.627	0.643	0.629

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表 9 混合效应模型验证评价结果

Table 9 Verification and evaluation results of mixed effect model

树种 Tree species	基础混合效应模型 Base mixed-effect model						广义混合效应模型 Generalized mixed-effect model
树种 Tree species	随机参数 Random parameter	AIC	BIC	L	LRT	P	随机参数 Random parameter	AIC	BIC	L	LRT	P
红松 Pinus koraiensis	${u}_{1}$	5 619.3	5 644.8	−2 804.6			${u}_{1}$	5 346.9	5 377.5	−2 667.4
	${u}_{1}$ , ${u}_{2}$	5 643.2	5 678.9	−2 814.6	19.878 2	< 0.001	${u}_{3}$	5 354.2	5 384.8	−2 671.1
							${u}_{1}$ , ${u}_{3}$	5 350.9	5 391.8	−2 667.5	7.238 0	0.026 8
色木槭 Acer mono	${u}_{2}$	10 966.2	10 995.2	−5 478.1			${u}_{1}$	10 597.5	10 632.3	−5 292.7
	${u}_{1}$ , ${u}_{2}$	10 962.2	11 002.9	−5 474.1	7.964 9	0.018 6	${u}_{3}$	10 602.8	10 637.6	−5 295.4
							${u}_{1}$ , ${u}_{3}$	10 594.2	10 640.6	−5 289.1	12.571 9	0.001 9
							${u}_{1}$ , ${u}_{2}$	10 601.4	10 647.8	−5 292.8
紫椴 Tilia amurensis	${u}_{1}$	7 109.6	7 136.0	−3 549.8			${u}_{1}$	6 662.5	6 694.2	−3 325.2
							${u}_{3}$	6 661.8	6 693.5	−3 324.9
							${u}_{1},{u}_{3}$	6 665.8	6 708.0	−3 324.9	4.415 0	0.998 7
水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica	${u}_{1}$	7 007.8	7 034.4	−3 498.9			${u}_{1}$	6 966.0	6 997.8	−3 477.0
	${u}_{2}$	7 009.0	7 035.5	−3 499.5			${u}_{3}$	6 964.3	6 996.1	−3 476.1
	${u}_{1}$ , ${u}_{2}$	7 011.8	7 049.0	−3 498.9	1.126 9	0.569 2	${u}_{1},{u}_{3}$	6 964.9	7 007.4	−3 474.5	3.322 9	0.189 9
注：AIC.赤池信息准则；BIC.贝叶斯信息准则；L.对数似然值；LRT.似然比检验。Notes: AIC, Akaike information criterion; BIC, Bayesian information criterion; L, log-likelihood value; LRT, likelihood ratio test.

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表 10 混合效应模型参数估计

Table 10 Parameter estimates of mixed-effect models

参数 Parameter	基础混合效应模型 Base mixed-effect model				广义混合效应模型 Generalized mixed-effect model
参数 Parameter	红松 Pinus koraiensis	色木槭 Acer mono	紫椴 Tilia amurensis	水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica	红松 Pinus koraiensis	色木槭 Acer mono	紫椴 Tilia amurensis	水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica
公式编号 Equation No.	（14）	（15）	（14）	（14）	（16）	（17）	（18）	（18）
a	21.192（0.387^***）	18.626（0.251^***）	19.366（0.263^***）	20.021（0.190^***）	9.186（0.535^***）	7.776（0.467^***）	4.522（0.468^***）	16.513（0.523^***）
b	0.065（0.004^***）	0.085（0.004^***）	0.100（0.005^***）	0.101（0.007^***）	0.071（0.004^***）	0.092（0.004^*）	0.104（0.005^***）	0.110（0.007^***）
c	1.366（0.056^***）	1.142（0.033^***）	1.367（0.066^***）	1.445（0.126^***）	1.305（0.057^***）	1.142（0.034^***）	1.322（0.066^***）	1.567（0.142^***）
a₁					0.577（0.024^***）	0.554（0.023^***）	0.715（0.022^***）	0.132（0.019^***）
${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{{u}_{1}}^{2}$	14.927 2	10.920 5	11.410 7	0.201 9	2.877 0	14.850 5
${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{{u}_{2}}^{2}$		0.011 9
${{\mathrm{\sigma }}^{2}}_{{u}_{3}}$						0.038 0	0.001 7	0.000 4
${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{{u}_{1}{u}_{2}}$		0.162 1
${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{{u}_{1}{u}_{3}}$						−0.718 2
${\mathrm{\sigma }}^{2}$	3.637 0	3.638 8	4.908 0	6.422 3	3.811 3	3.858 9	5.275 9	6.201 5
注：^*表示在 P < 0.001 水平上显著。Note: ^* means significant at P < 0.001 level.

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表 12 树高−胸径模型统计检验

Table 12 Goodness-of-fit statistics of tree height-DBH models

树种 Tree species	指标 Index	基础模型 Base model	广义模型 Generalized model	中位数回归 Median quantile regression		非线性混合效应 Nonlinear mixed-effects
树种 Tree species	指标 Index	基础模型 Base model	广义模型 Generalized model	简单模型 Simple model	广义模型 Generalized model	简单模型 Simple model	广义模型 Generalized model
红松 Pinus koraiensis	MAE	2.128	2.119	2.094	2.163	1.600	1.856
红松 Pinus koraiensis	RMSE	2.963	3.024	2.963	3.063	2.216	2.635
色木槭 Acer mono	MAE	2.018	1.906	2.020	2.052	1.620	1.712
色木槭 Acer mono	RMSE	2.867	2.782	2.898	2.944	2.341	2.529
紫椴 Tilia amurensis	MAE	2.571	1.685	2.549	2.697	1.609	1.635
紫椴 Tilia amurensis	RMSE	3.471	2.349	3.540	3.754	2.058	2.206
水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica	MAE	2.041	2.037	2.050	2.051	2.039	2.049
水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica	RMSE	2.526	2.517	2.560	2.561	2.528	2.534

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