极端降雨对晋西黄土区不同土地利用方式下的浅层滑坡形态特征和空间分布影响

唐鹏; 张建军; 李阳; 魏广阔; 胡亚伟; 赵炯昌

doi:10.12171/j.1000-1522.20230070

极端降雨对晋西黄土区不同土地利用方式下的浅层滑坡形态特征和空间分布影响

唐鹏^1,,
张建军^{1, 2, 3, 4, ,},
李阳¹,
魏广阔¹,
胡亚伟¹,
赵炯昌¹

1.
北京林业大学水土保持学院，北京 100083
2.
山西吉县森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站，山西吉县 042200
3.
水土保持国家林业和草原局重点实验室，北京 100083
4.
北京林业大学林业生态工程教育部工程研究中心，北京 100083

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划（2022YFE0104700）。

详细信息

作者简介:
唐鹏。主要研究方向：森林水文。Email：tp17305447719@163.com　地址：100083 北京市海淀区清华东路35号北京林业大学水土保持学院

责任作者:
张建军，教授，博士生导师。主要研究方向：水土保持与森林水文研究。Email：zhangjianjun@bjfu.edu.cn　地址：同上。

中图分类号: S761；S157.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-03-29
- 修回日期: 2023-06-13
- 网络出版日期: 2023-10-13
- 刊出日期: 2023-10-30

Effects of extreme rainfall on the morphological characteristics and spatial distribution of shallow landslides under different land use patterns in the loess region of western Shanxi Province, northern China

1.
School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
2.
Jixian National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Jixian 042200, Shanxi, China
3.
Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
4.
Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education,Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

摘要

摘要:
目的
探究极端降雨对不同土地利用方式下浅层滑坡形态特征和空间分布的影响。
方法
以山西吉县蔡家川农地、次生林、人工林3种土地利用方式的小流域为对象，在2021年10月3日至6日的极端暴雨后采用无人机摄影测量调查浅层滑坡的形态特征和空间分布。
结果
（1）极端降雨在3个小流域内共诱发425处浅层滑坡，总体积为82 000 m³。其中农地小流域179处，体积为43 138 m³，人工林小流域196处，体积为33 489 m³，次生林小流域50处，体积为5 373 m³。（2）核密度分析表明农地小流域浅层滑坡密集程度最高，核密度峰值达到714处/km²，且多位于侵蚀沟坡和农地间的斜坡上，次生林小流域的浅层滑坡多沿沟谷分布，人工林小流域浅层滑坡整体沿西北—东南走向的山脊线呈带状分布。（3）农地小流域浅层滑坡主要集中在20° ~ 50°坡度范围和以正东、东南为主的阳坡；次生林小流域滑坡主要分布在40° ~ 50°坡度范围，且受到坡向的影响较小；人工林小流域滑坡集中分布在50° ~ 60°坡度和以正东、正西为主的坡向。
结论
本次调查发现在小流域尺度上植被能够有效减少极端暴雨造成的浅层滑坡，尤其次生林防治浅层滑坡的效果更佳。因此，在全球气候变化背景下，黄土高原大力营造仿拟自然植被，对提高植被的水土保持功能具有重要意义。
- 浅层滑坡 /
- 土地利用方式 /
- 核密度 /
- 坡度 /
- 坡向
Abstract:
Objective
This paper aims to explore the influence of extreme rainfall on the morphological characteristics and spatial distribution of shallow landslides under different land use patterns.
Method
In this paper, the morphological characteristics and spatial distribution of shallow landslides were investigated by UAV photogrammetry after the extreme rainfall from October 3 to 6, 2021 in the Small Watershed of Caijiachuan Farmland, secondary forest and plantation in Jixian County, Shanxi Province of northern China.
Result
(1) Extreme rainfall induced 425 shallow landslides in three small watersheds, with a total volume of 82 000 m³. Among them, there were 179 landslides with a volume of 43 138 m³ in the small watershed of farmland, 196 landslides with a volume of 33 489 m³ in the small watershed of planted forests, and 50 landslides with a volume of 5 373 m³ in the small watershed of secondary forest. (2) The analysis of kernel density showed that the shallow landslides in the small watershed of farmland had the highest density, and the peak of kernel density reached 714 per km², and most of them were located on the erosion slope and the slope between farmlands. Most of the shallow landslides in the small watershed of secondary forest were distributed along ravines, and the shallow landslides in the small watershed of plantation were distributed in strips along the northwest-southeast ridge line. (3) Shallow landslides in small watershed of farmland were mainly concentrated in the slope range of 20°−50° and the slope direction mainly due east and southeast. Landslides in small watersheds of secondary forests were mainly distributed in slopes of 40°−50° and were less affected by slope aspects. Landslides in the small watershed of plantation were concentrated in the slope of 50°−60° and the slope aspects mainly due east and west.
Conclusion
This survey shows that vegetation can effectively reduce the shallow landslides caused by extreme rainstorms in small watershed scale, especially the secondary forest has a better effect on preventing shallow landslides. Therefore, under the background of global climate change, it is of great significance to build imitation natural vegetation on the Loess Plateau to improve the function of soil and water conservation.
- shallow landslide /
- land use pattern /
- kernel density /
- slope /
- aspect

HTML全文

图 1 蔡家川流域概况

Figure 1. General situation of Caijiachuan Watershed

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 浅层滑坡分区图

Figure 2. Shallow landslide zoning map

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 蔡家川小流域每小时降雨量和累计降雨量

Figure 3. Rainfall per hour and accumulated rainfall in Caijiachuan Small Watershed

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 浅层滑坡的核密度分布

Figure 4. Distribution of kernel density of shallow landslide

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 不同坡度、坡向下浅层滑坡数量与体积

N. 正北；NE. 东北；E. 正东；SE. 东南；S. 正南；SW. 西南；W. 正西；NW. 西北。N, due north; NE, northeast; E, due east; SE, southeast; S, due south; SW; southwest; W, due west; NW, northwest.

Figure 5. Quantity and volume of shallow landslides with different slopes and aspects

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 小流域概况

Table 1 General situation of small watershed

流域类型 Watershed type	土地利用类型 Land use type	植被覆盖率 Vegetation coverage/%	流域面积 Watershed area/km²	海拔高度差 Relative height/m	沟谷长度 Gully length/km	斜坡长度范围 Slope length range/m
农地小流域 Farmland small watershed	水平梯田、果园 Level terrace, orchard	85	0.71	282.10	3.06	70.60 ~ 290.47
次生林小流域 Secondary forest small watershed	山杨、白桦、辽东栎为主的次生林 Secondary forest dominated by Populus davidiana, Betula dahurica and Quercus wutaishanica	99	1.93	272.46	7.46	41.40 ~ 215.42
人工林小流域 Plantation small watershed	油松、刺槐、侧柏为主的人工林 Plantation dominated by Pinus tabuliformis, Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis	92	1.50	329.26	5.85	53.48 ~ 228.18

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表 2 现场测量与遥感解译滑坡体体积对比表

Table 2 Comparison table of landslide volume between field measurement and remote sensing interpretation

编号 No.	现场测量体积 Field measurement volume/m³	遥感解译体积 Remote sensing interpretation volume/m³	相对误差 Relative error/%
R101	38.57	37.92	1.7
R143	84.72	79.26	6.4
R144	62.87	59.91	4.7
N91	130.56	111.61	14.5
注：R代表人工林小流域，N代表农地小流域，数字代表浅层滑坡序号。Notes: R stands for plantation watershed, N stands for farmland watershed, and the number stands for shallow landslide serial No.

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表 3 不同土地利用类型浅层滑坡特征参数

Table 3 Characteristic parameters of shallow landslides of different land use types

土地利用类型 Land use type	数量 Number	发生频次 Occurrence frequency/(km⁻²)	总面积 Total area/m²	平均面积 Average area/m²	总体积 Total volume/m³	平均体积 Average volume/m³	平均高程差 Average elevation difference/m	平均长度 Average length/m	平均深度 Average depth/m
农地 Farmland	179	252	43 617	262.75	43 138	259.87	19.09	24.89	0.88
次生林 Secondary forest	50	26	9 097	185.65	5 373	109.65	15.83	30.48	0.52
人工林 Plantation	196	131	36 316	186.24	33 489	171.74	18.33	22.36	0.81

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