Runoff and sediment effects in erosive rainfall of typical plant conservation practice in the upper reach of Guanting Reservoir, Beijing
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摘要: 为了研究官厅水库上游地区水土保持典型植物措施的减水减沙效益,选取5个标准样地,通过分析该地区侵蚀性降雨特性和植物多样性程度,研究不同典型植物措施的减水减沙效益随雨量、雨强和时间的变化,并评估不同植被盖度对径流深、产沙量的影响,得出在官厅水库上游布设水土保持典型植物措施的有效方法。结果表明:1)草坡盖度越高减水减沙效益越好,在大暴雨和特大暴雨条件下时效果明显,但盖度在45%~60%的草坡即可以达到水土保持典型植物措施的有效盖度,因此这一盖度适宜在北京山区范围内推广。灌草结合可在减少径流和泥沙方面达到较好效果,在官厅水库上游布设较草坡安全。2)合理的植被群落配置可以增强该群落自身对不良环境的抵抗力,其中多样性程度是关键,可促进坡面植被的盖度和稳定性保持在一定水平。保证植物盖度的同时,多样性程度越高,其退化速度越慢,从而可以保证植物的盖度和正常生理活动,减少径流和泥沙的产生。在进行水土保持植物措施的布设时,需要考虑到植物种类的多样性,将盖度与多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数作为布设措施时需要考虑的因素,并逐年进行补植。该研究为比较相应措施的水土保持效益打下基础,从而为北京山区生态安全的研究提供一定理论基础。Abstract: To study the runoff and sediment reduction benefits from typical plant conservation practices in the upper reach of the Guanting Reservoir of northern Beijing, we selected five standard plots and analyzed the characteristics of erosive rainfall and plant diversity. Then the changes of runoff and sediment reduction benefits with precipitation, rainfall intensity and duration in different measures of typical plant preparation were studied, and the effects of different plant coverages on the runoff depth and the amount of sediment were evaluated, so as to explore the effective measure of plant conservation in the upper reach of the Guanting Reservoir. The results showed that: 1) the higher the grass coverage is, the better the runoff and sediment reduction benefits are, especially in torrential rains. The grassland with a coverage of 45%-60% can be effective for water and soil conservation plant measure, and this is recommended to be applied in Beijing mountainous areas. The combination of brush and high-coverage grass is proved to be rather effective in reducing runoff and sediment, and it is safer than sole grassland measure in the upper reach of Guanting Reservoir. 2) Reasonable vegetation configuration can strengthen the resistance to poor environment, and vegetation diversity is the key, which can increase plant coverage and maintain stability at certain level. When plant coverage is ensured, the higher the degree of diversity is, the slower the plant degeneration is, which can keep plant coverage and physiological activity normal, and reduce runoff and sediment. When designing plant conservation practice, diversity of plants should be concerned, diversity index, richness index and evenness index should be taken into account, and complementary-planting should be carried out year by year after the project finishing. Our study lays the foundation for comparison of runoff and sediment reduction benefits under varying measures, which could provide theoretical basis for the research of ecological security in Beijing mountainous area.
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