Comparison of tetraploid Betula platyphylla wood fiber traits and selection of superior seed trees
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摘要: 为选出不仅生长速度快而且木材纤维性状表现优良适于制浆造纸的四倍体白桦母树。以制种园中31株四倍体白桦为研究对象,测量其胸径生长指标,测定木材密度、纤维长度、纤维宽度以及木质素、纤维素、综纤维素含量等木材品质指标,并对其进行了方差分析和多重比较。结果显示:各性状在母树间的差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),在31株四倍体母树中24株的纤维长显著高于二倍体对照。有13株母树综纤维素含量大于70%,12株母树纤维素含量高于50%,说明白桦染色体加倍后对木材纤维性状影响显著,在四倍体母树中可选出用于纸浆材的优良母树。参试母树胸径生长量为2.00或2.00 cm以上的有8株母树,并且均为四倍体白桦;根据胸径生长量及材性指标,采用隶属函数法对参试母树进行综合评价,表现最优的7株母树均为四倍体母树,说明染色体加倍可提高白桦的生长量及木材品质。虽然四倍体在树干通直度方面表现较差,仅有42%母树通直度为Ⅱ级或Ⅰ级,但作为纸浆材对该性状的要求可适当放宽,最后初步选出19株母树生长和材性均表现优良,其中5株兼具生长、材性、干型最优。在种子园中,生长及材性性状表现均较差的5株四倍体母树将被淘汰。Abstract: In this paper, we compared 31 tetraploid seed trees and three diploid Betula platyphylla seed trees in terms of their wood property traits and growth characteristics. The measured traits include DBH growth increment, stem straightness, wood density, fiber length, ratio of fiber length to width, content of lignin, cellulose, and holocellulose. The measured data were then analyzed in terms of variance with multiple comparisons. The results showed as the following: the differences in traits among the seed trees reached a significant level (P < 0.01). Of the 31 tetraploid seed trees, the fiber length of 24 was significantly higher than that of the diploid birch. In addition, the cellulose content of 13 seed trees was greater than 70%, and that of 12 was higher than 50%, which indicated that birch had significant effects on the traits of wood fiber after chromosome doubling, thus we can choose the good seed trees used for pulp material in tetraploid trees. Among the experimental seed trees, there were eight seed trees with a DBH amount of 2.00 cm or above, and all of them were tetraploid birch. According to the DBH growth and wood traits, using the subordinate function to comprehensively evaluate the experimental seed trees, the results showed that: the seven best performing birch seed trees were all tetraploid seed trees, which indicated that chromosome doubling can improve the growth of birch trees and the material properties of pulp and paper. Although the performance in terms of stem straightness was poor, with only 42% of the seed trees having straightnesses of grade Ⅱ orⅠ, but as pulpwood, the requirements of traits may be less strict. Finally, 19 seed trees were preliminary selected, of which the DBH growth and wood traits were all excellent, and five of them had optimal performance in terms of growth, wood properties and trunk shape. In the seed orchard, five tetraploid seed trees which have poor growth and wood properties will be eliminated.
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Keywords:
- tetraploid Betula platyphylla /
- fiber trait /
- comprehensive assessment /
- seed tree
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表 1 参试母树胸径年生长量及树干通直度
Table 1 Diameter growth increment and stem straightness of seed trees
母树
Seed tree胸径生长量
DBH growth/cm通直度
Stem straightness4-20 2.42 Ⅲ 4-36 2.22 Ⅰ 4-23 2.19 Ⅰ 4-8 2.12 Ⅱ 4-21 2.1 Ⅲ 4-11 2.06 Ⅲ 4-40 2.01 Ⅲ 4-5 2.00 Ⅲ 4-3 1.81 Ⅱ 2-16 1.77 Ⅰ 4-15 1.76 Ⅲ 4-47 1.76 Ⅰ 4-28 1.68 Ⅰ 2-32 1.63 Ⅰ 4-12 1.61 Ⅰ 4-27 1.58 Ⅱ 4-33 1.57 Ⅲ 4-44 1.57 Ⅲ 4-43 1.48 Ⅲ 2-13 1.47 Ⅰ 4-30 1.46 Ⅲ 4-38 1.43 Ⅲ 4-41 1.41 Ⅲ 4-46 1.40 Ⅲ 4-6 1.37 Ⅲ 4-31 1.34 Ⅲ 4-9 1.22 Ⅰ 4-24 1.19 Ⅰ 4-2 1.14 Ⅲ 4-34 1.14 Ⅲ 4-14 1.02 Ⅲ 4-17 0.87 Ⅰ 4-18 0.80 Ⅰ 4-25 0.64 Ⅰ 注:4-×表示四倍体母树, 2-×表示二倍体母树。下同。Notes:4-×represents tetraploid seed trees, 2-×represents diploid seed trees. The same as below. 表 2 参试白桦木材品质性状方差分析
Table 2 Variance analysis of tested B. platyphylla seed trees
性状
Trait自由度
Degree of freedom平均值
Mean value标准差
Standard deviationF值
F value变异幅度
Variation range最大值/最小值
Max./Min.基本密度Basic density 33 0.38 g/cm 3 0.05 g/cm 3 3.380 ** 0.310~0.508 g/cm 3 1.64 纤维长Fiber length 33 925 μm 128.73 μm 20.114 ** 730~1 040 μm 1.42 纤维长宽比Ratio of fiber length to width 33 60.53 15.79 8.455 ** 52.43~78.46 1.50 木质素含量Content of lignin 33 11.75% 1.88% 7.712 ** 9.08%~16.03% 1.77 纤维素含量Content of cellulose 33 48.75% 0.03% 12.03 ** 40.08%~54.27% 1.35 综纤维素含量Content of holocellulose 33 69.32% 3.77% 11.279 ** 59.11%~75.43% 1.28 注:**表示在P<0.01水平差异显著。Note:**represents the difference was significant at P<0.01 level. 表 3 四倍体白桦母树材性性状的多重比较
Table 3 Multiple comparison of wood traits for tetraploid B. platyphylla seed trees
母树
Seed tree基本密度
Basic density/(g·cm-3)母树
Seed tree纤维长
Fiber length/μm母树
Seed tree纤维长宽比
Ratio of fiber length to width母树
Seed tree纤维素含量
Content of cellulose/%母树
Seed tree综纤维素含量/%
Content of holocellulose/%母树
Seed tree木质素含量
Content of lignin/%2-13 0.508±0.048a 4-23 1 040±131a 4-9 78.46±14.75a 4-30 54.27±1.15a 4-30 75.43±1.21a 4-18 16.03±1.25a 4-36 0.462±0.164ab 4-33 1 033±129ab 2-32 73.75±12.21b 4-47 53.54±1.47ab 4-47 74.38±1.43ab 4-46 15.90±0.17a 4-23 0.432±0.055bc 4-38 1 028±78ab 4-6 68.41±10.9c 4-21 52.19±1.11abc 4-21 74.10±0.95abc 4-41 15.16±0.41ab 2-32 0.428±0.050bcd 4-40 1 025±146ab 4-28 67.81±10.49c 4-41 51.83±0.12abcd 4-41 73.60±0.88abcd 4-2 13.59±0.06bc 2-16 0.422±0.015bcde 4-28 1 016±93abc 4-40 67.4±16.57cd 4-20 51.46±1.48abcde 4-31 73.06±2.37abcde 4-27 13.49±1.76bc 4-9 0.414±0.015bcdef 4-27 1 009±121abcd 4-33 67.18±3.07cd 4-34 51.71±1.54abcde 4-20 72.40±1.65abcdef 4-43 13.28±0.74bcd 4-17 0.412±0.027bcdef 4-30 1 001±155abcde 4-23 67.15±7.81cd 4-24 51.69±0.61abcde 4-38 72.34±0.78abcdef 4-14 13.07±2.14cde 4-43 0.411±0.046bcdef 4-44 988±96abcdef 4-15 65.46±11.22cde 4-31 51.31±2.00bcdef 4-34 72.12±1.43bcdef 4-38 12.78±0.73cdef 4-21 0.408±0.019bcdefg 4-2 973±99bcdefg 4-38 64.41±3.32cdef 4-38 50.70±0.63bcdefg 2-16 71.80±0.26bcdefg 4-33 12.56±0.46cdefg 4-15 0.407±0.026bcdefg 4-47 965±108cdefg 4-20 63.14±4.8defg 2-16 50.60±0.42bcdefg 4-24 71.51±0.74bcdefgh 4-6 12.32±0.86cdefgh 4-28 0.402±0.026bcdefg 4-46 963±112cdefgh 4-36 63.07±7.31defg 4-15 50.52±0.63cdefg 2-13 71.31±1.70bcdefgh 2-16 12.27±0.41cdefgh 4-31 0.401±0.030bcdefg 4-41 958±98cdefgh 4-46 62.98±5.56defg 4-2 50.50±0.09cdefg 4-15 70.96±0.72cdefghi 4-44 12.25±0.60cdefgh 4-8 0.400±0.021bcdefg 4-25 957±111cdefgh 4-18 61.3±8.24efgh 2-13 50.35±1.81cdefgh 4-2 70.41±0.28defghi 4-15 11.87±0.23cdefghi 4-12 0.388±0.034bcdefgh 4-5 956±103cdefgh 2-13 60.75±6.67fghi 4-40 49.95±1.23cdefghi 4-8 70.36±1.80defghi 4-28 11.85±0.56cdefghi 4-46 0.379±0.005cdefgh 4-24 950±75defghi 4-25 59.19±3.14ghij 4-8 49.63±1.45cdefghi 4-9 70.33±0.89defghi 4-17 11.85±0.85cdefghi 4-38 0.378±0.053cdefgh 4-36 947±140defghi 4-11 59.04±4.63ghij 4-23 48.97±1.60defghij 4-23 69.79±1.72efghi 4-25 11.81±1.33cdefghi 4-27 0.377±0.034cdefgh 4-14 947±150defghi 4-21 58.44±5.68hijk 2-32 48.84±1.44defghij 4-12 69.72±0.89efghij 4-12 11.55±0.72cdefghij 4-18 0.376±0.022cdefgh 4-34 944±78efghij 4-17 58.07±4.8hijk 4-9 48.80±0.83defghij 4-17 69.48±1.13fghijk 4-11 11.55±0.87cdefghij 4-33 0.372±0.002cdefgh 4-9 942±83efghij 4-5 57.91±9.49hijk 4-12 48.78±0.91defghij 4-40 69.46±1.44fghijk 2-32 11.28±1.18defghij 4-11 0.371±0.020cdefgh 4-15 927±75fghijk 4-24 57.53±6.96hijk 4-17 48.74±1.02efghij 4-3 69.18±0.86fghijkl 2-13 11.10±1.57efghij 4-6 0.368±0.021cdefgh 4-31 920±65ghijkl 4-30 57.41±3.49hijk 4-25 48.53±1.83fghijk 2-32 69.05±0.91fghijkl 4-3 10.96±0.92fghijk 4-24 0.363±0.022cdefgh 4-43 919±80ghijkl 4-31 57.38±7.58hijk 4-3 48.36±0.59fghijk 4-25 68.39±1.53ghijklm 4-5 10.95±1.16fghijk 4-5 0.360±0.020cdefgh 4-11 918±98ghijkl 4-14 57.28±4.3hijk 4-44 48.22±0.99ghijk 4-44 68.21±0.98hijklm 4-36 10.87±0.83fghijk 4-47 0.355±0.028cdefgh 4-3 903±74hijkl 4-27 57.28±8.59hijk 4-36 48.04±1.40ghijk 4-36 68.19±1.06hijklm 4-9 10.63±0.64ghijk 4-44 0.351±0.016cdefgh 4-18 891±63ijklm 2-16 57.07±7.56hijkl 4-28 47.43±1.04hijk 4-5 67.68±1.77ijklm 4-40 10.46±1.41hijk 4-2 0.347±0.080defgh 4-6 884±90jklm 4-47 56.04±5.74ijkl 4-33 47.08±1.36ijkl 4-33 67.64±1.57ijklm 4-34 10.33±1.19hijk 4-34 0.340±0.011efgh 4-12 875±85klm 4-43 55.68±9.11jkl 4-5 46.35±1.43jklm 4-27 66.26±1.72jklmn 4-24 10.22±0.57ijk 4-20 0.337±0.021fgh 4-8 872±106klm 4-2 55.26±5.45jkl 4-14 46.23±1.89jklm 4-28 66.19±1.31klmn 4-8 10.23±1.11ijk 4-30 0.334±0.018fgh 4-17 866±73lm 4-34 54.72±4.44jkl 4-27 46.11±1.50jklm 4-6 65.89±0.73lmn 4-20 10.21±0.96ijk 4-3 0.327±0.008gh 2-13 834±91m 4-3 54.72±7.6jkl 4-43 45.57±0.94klm 4-14 65.77±1.93lmn 4-21 10.16±0.85ijk 4-14 0.327±0.019gh 2-32 781±102n 4-12 53.78±6.48kl 4-6 44.47±0.76klm 4-11 64.88±7.51mn 4-31 10.06±1.07ijk 4-40 0.326±0.053gh 4-20 747±75n 4-41 53.75±5.42kl 4-11 44.02±5.59lm 4-43 64.87±0.99mn 4-23 9.99±1.71ijk 4-25 0.310±0.015h 2-16 738±45n 4-44 53.65±5.24kl 4-18 42.48±1.15lm 4-18 63.00±1.61n 4-30 9.69±1.05jk 4-41 0.310±0.036h 4-21 730±97n 4-8 52.43±4.54l 4-46 40.08±0.72m 4-46 59.11±1.02o 4-47 9.08±0.92k 平均值
Mean value0.38±0.05 平均值
Mean value925±129 平均值
Mean value60.53±15.79 平均值
Mean value48.75±0.03 平均值
Mean value69.32±3.77 平均值
Mean value11.75±1.88 表 4 参试白桦母树各性状间相关性分析
Table 4 Correlation analysis of tested B. platyphylla seed trees
性状Trait 木质素含量
Content of lignin综纤维素含量
Content of holocellulose纤维素含量
Content of cellulose基本密度
Basic density胸径生长量
DBH growth纤维长
Fiber length纤维长宽比
Ratio of fiber length to width木质素含量Content of lignin 1 -0.570 ** -0.574 ** -0.081 -0.426 * 0.111 -0.016 综纤维素含量Content of holocellulose 1 0.980 ** -0.069 0.100 -0.099 -0.213 纤维素含量Content of cellulose 1 -0.116 0.107 -0.059 -0.190 基本密度Basic density 1 0.259 -0.354 * 0.335 胸径生长量DBH growth 1 -0.096 0.070 纤维长Fiber length 1 0.143 纤维长宽比Ratio of fiber length to width 1 注:**表示在P<0.01水平上极显著相关, *表示在P<0.05水平上显著相关。Notes: **represents significant correlation at P<0.01 level, * represents significant correlation at P<0.05 level. 表 5 参试母树隶属函数均值及综合评价
Table 5 Average membership function and comprehensive evaluation of tested seed trees
母树
Seed tree隶属函数均值
Mean value of membership funtion排序
Priority综合评价
Comprehensive assessment母树
Seed tree隶属函数均值
Mean value of membership funtion排序
Priority综合评价
Comprehensive assessment4-23 0.76 1 优秀Excellent 4-11 0.52 18 良好Good 4-36 0.68 2 优秀Excellent 4-24 0.5 19 良好Good 4-9 0.65 3 优秀Excellent 4-3 0.47 20 一般Common 4-40 0.65 4 良好Good 4-27 0.47 21 一般Common 4-47 0.61 5 优秀Excellent 4-34 0.46 22 一般Common 4-15 0.6 6 良好Good 4-12 0.46 23 一般Common 4-28 0.6 7 优秀Excellent 4-6 0.46 24 一般Common 2-13 0.59 8 良好Good 2-16 0.46 25 一般Common 4-30 0.58 9 良好Good 4-44 0.45 26 一般Common 4-38 0.58 10 良好Good 4-43 0.41 27 一般Common 2-32 0.57 11 良好Good 4-17 0.41 28 一般Common 4-20 0.56 12 良好Good 4-2 0.4 29 一般Common 4-33 0.56 13 良好Good 4-41 0.38 30 较差Poor 4-21 0.56 14 良好Good 4-25 0.35 31 较差Poor 4-8 0.55 15 良好Good 4-14 0.33 32 较差Poor 4-31 0.55 16 良好Good 4-46 0.33 33 较差Poor 4-5 0.54 17 良好Good 4-18 0.25 34 较差Poor -
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