北京公园绿地边缘植物景观降噪能力与视觉效果的综合研究

李冠衡; 熊健; 徐梦林; 董丽

doi:10.13332/j.1000-1522.20160259

北京公园绿地边缘植物景观降噪能力与视觉效果的综合研究

北京林业大学园林学院，城乡生态环境北京实验室

基金项目:

北京市共建项目 2015BLUREE01

中央高校基本科研业务费专项 2015ZCQ-YL-01

详细信息

作者简介:
李冠衡，博士，副教授。主要研究方向：植物景观规划设计理论。Email: liguanheng@bjfu.edu.cn 地址:100083 北京市海淀区清华东路35号北京林业大学园林学院

责任作者:
董丽，博士，教授。主要研究方向：园林植物应用与生态修复。Email: Dongli@bjfu.edu.cn 地址:同上

中图分类号: S731.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2016-08-09
- 修回日期: 2016-11-15
- 发布日期: 2017-02-28

Comprehensive study on the noise reduction ability and the visual effect on the edge of green space of Beijing urban park

College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China

摘要

摘要: 对城市公园绿地外道路噪声环境进行监测与分析的结果表明：公园边界噪音来源于车辆发动机噪音、胎噪、运动风声的综合噪声。这些噪音对公园游憩造成了或多或少的影响。如果公园绿地边缘部分的植物景观能够迅速降低噪音，又能展现美感，将对公园利用率的提高大有裨益。植物景观的视觉效果与生态效益都融合在园林植物中，所以一次设计将在多个层面展现植物景观的功能。以北京市公园绿地(被城市干道包围的绿地)边界的多个不同样方为对象，调查与研究这一宽度范围内的植物类型、种植密度和配置方式，从而判断使噪声衰减最有效率的植物配置形式。这些植物群落不仅能有效地减弱交通噪声，构造更为安静的游园环境，而且更能美化城市环境，体现并形成当地的植物特色。按照降噪效率对这些样方进行排序并运用SBE法对所测公园边界的植物群落进行美景度相应指标的评价，分析边界植物群落色彩美景度高低的原因，得到所测群落中景观效果最好的植物配置形式。综合以上两种最佳形式的植物配置，进行平衡与推断, 形成诸如同样的宽度条件下，多排小乔或低层灌木既可以起到较好的降噪作用，又可以丰富路缘的观赏效果；乔灌草皆有的种植模式中乔木排数尽可能多，林间内部保持通透，会形成舒适的空间效果等判断, 可以对北京市以及类似的大型城市绿地边缘塑造植物景观提供科学的论据。
- 城市绿地 /
- 边缘 /
- 植物景观 /
- 噪声 /
- 美景度
Abstract: According to the research and analysis of road noise outside the city park green space, park boundary noise is of vehicle engine noise, tire noise, wind noise, resulting in more or less impact on recreational park. If the plant landscape on the edge of park green space can not only quickly reduce noise, but also show the beauty of park, which will have great benefit on the utilization of the park. The visual effects of plant landscape and ecological benefits are fused in the garden plants, so the function of plant landscape in many aspects will be showed by a design. To park greenbelt of Beijing(green space surrounded by urban roads) boundary of a same object orientation, through the investigation and research about the width range of plant type, planting density and configuration, we can find the most efficient plant configuration to attenuate the noise. These plant communities can not only effectively reduce the traffic noise, create a more quiet garden environment, but also can beautify the urban environment, reflect and form the local characteristics of plants. According to the noise reduction efficiency, these samples were sorted and SBE beauty degree was used to measure the community landscape effect of best plant configurations, obtained by the corresponding index evaluation and analysis of boundary of plant community color beauty degree of the measured boundary park plant community. Based on the above two optimal forms of plant configuration, to balance and inference, and form a judgment under the same conditions such as width, multi-row small trees or low shrubs not only play a good effect of reducing the noise, but also enrich the ornamental effect of the edge of road; or as many rows of trees as possible in the cropping pattern, in which grass and shrub are mixed planting to form some comfortable spatial effect and so on. It can provide scientific evidence for molding the landscape of Beijing and similar large-scale urban green space.
- urban green space /
- edge /
- plant landscape /
- noise /
- beauty degree

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图 1 样点区位图

Figure 1. Sample plot bitmap

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图 2 研究技术路线

Figure 2. Research technology roadmap

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图 3 太阳宫公园样方1植物群落平面图

Figure 3. Plant community plan of quadrat 1 in Taiyanggong Park

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图 4 太阳宫公园样方2植物群落平面图

Figure 4. Plant community plan of quadrat 2 in Taiyanggong Park

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图 5 太阳宫公园样方3植物群落平面图

Figure 5. Plant community plan of quadrat 3 in Taiyanggong Park

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图 6 太阳宫公园样点噪声测量结果分析

Figure 6. Analysis of noise measurement result for Taiyanggong Park

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图 7 长春健身园样方1植物群落平面图

Figure 7. Plant community plan of quadrat 1 in Changchun Fitness Park

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图 8 长春健身园样方2植物群落平面图

Figure 8. Plant community plan of quadrat 2 in Changchun Fitness Park

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图 9 长春健身园样方3植物群落平面图

Figure 9. Plant community plan of quadrat 3 in Changchun Fitness Park

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图 10 长春健身园样点噪声测量结果分析

Figure 10. Analysis of noise measurement result for Changchun Fitness Park

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图 11 紫竹院公园样方1植物群落平面图

Figure 11. Plant community plan of quadrat 1 in Zizhuyuan Park

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图 12 紫竹院公园样方2植物群落平面图

Figure 12. Plant community plan of quadrat 2 in Zizhuyuan Park

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图 13 紫竹院公园样方3植物群落平面图

Figure 13. Plant community plan of quadrat 3 in Zizhuyuan Park

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图 14 紫竹院公园样点噪声测量结果分析

Figure 14. Analysis of noise measurement result for Zizhuyuan Park

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图 15 马甸公园样方1植物群落平面图

Figure 15. Plant community plan of quadrat 1 in Madian Park

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图 16 马甸公园样方2植物群落平面图

Figure 16. Plant community plan of quadrat 2 in Madian Park

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图 17 马甸公园样方3植物群落平面图

Figure 17. Plant community plan of quadrat 3 in Madian Park

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图 18 马甸公园样点噪声测量结果分析

Figure 18. Analysis of noise measurement result for Madian Park

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表 1 太阳宫公园噪声测量结果

Table 1 Noise measurement results of Taiyanggong Park

公园名称 Park name	样方编号 Quadrat No.	植物组成 Plant composition	群落结构 Community structure	种植密度 Planting density	公园边界外测噪声 Noise outside the park boundary/dB	公园边界内测噪声 Noise inside the park boundary/dB	噪声衰减绝对值 Absolute value of noise attenuation/dB
太阳宫公园 Taiyanggong Park	1	毛白杨-圆柏-旱柳 Populus tomentosa-Juniperus chinensis-Salix matsudana	乔灌 Tree-shrub	疏植 Thin planting	64.775	57.975	6.8
	2	毛白杨-雪松-圆柏 Populus tomentosa-Cedrus deodara-Juniperus chinensis	乔灌 Tree-shrub	密植 Thick planting	68.075	60.9	7.175
	3	国槐-木槿-旱柳 Sophora japonica-Hibiscus syriacus-Salix matsudana	乔灌 Tree-shrub	疏植 Thin planting	66.975	62	4.975

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表 2 长春健身园噪声测量结果

Table 2 Noise measurement results of Changchun Fitness Park

公园名称 Park name	样方编号 Quadrat No.	植物组成 Plant composition	群落结构 Community structure	种植密度 Planting density	公园边界外测噪声 Noise outside the park boundary/dB	公园边界内测噪声 Noise inside the park boundary/dB	噪声衰减绝对值 Absolute value of noise attenuation/dB
	1	碧桃-榆叶梅-铺地柏 Amygdalus persica var. persica f.duplex-Amygdalus triloba-Sabina procumbens	乔灌草 Arbor-shrub-grass compound land	密植 Thick planting	73.8	59.1	14.7
长春健身园Changchun Fitness Park	2	碧桃-铺地柏-油松 Amygdalus persica var. persica f. duplex-Sabina procumbens -Pinus tabuliformis	乔灌草 Arbor-shrub-grass compound land	密植 Thick planting	75	63.925	11.075
	3	大叶黄杨-西府海棠 Euonymus japonicus-Malus micromalus	乔灌 Tree-shrub	疏植 Thin planting	73.525	62.95	10.575

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表 3 紫竹院公园噪声测量结果

Table 3 Noise measurement results of Zizhuyuan Park

公园名称 Park name	样方编号 Quadrat No.	植物组成 Plant composition	群落结构 Community structure	种植密度 Planting density	公园边界外测噪声 Noise outside the park boundary/dB	公园边界内测噪声 Noise inside the park boundary/dB	噪声衰减绝对值 Absolute value of noise attenuation/dB
紫竹院公园 Zizhuyuan Park	1	早园竹-白皮松 Phyllostachys propinqua-Pinus bungeana	乔草 Tree-grass	疏植 Thin planting	70.75	65.5	5.25
	2	早园竹-连翘-珍珠梅 Phyllostachys propinqua-Forsythia suspensa-Sorbaria sorbifolia	乔灌 Tree-shrub	疏植 Thin planting	68.975	65.025	3.95
	3	油松-紫荆-西府海棠 Pinus tabuliformis -Cercis chinensis-Malus micromalus	乔灌 Tree-shrub	疏植 Thin planting	68.9	64.875	4.025

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表 4 马甸公园噪声测量结果

Table 4 Noise measurement results of Madian Park

公园名称 Park name	样方编号 Quadrat No.	植物组成 Plant composition	群落结构 Community structure	种植密度 Planting density	公园边界外测噪声 Noise outside the park boundary/dB	公园边界内测噪声 Noise inside the park boundary/dB	噪声衰减绝对值 Absolute value of noise attenuation/dB
马甸公园 Madian Park	1	栾树-圆柏-紫叶李 Koelreuteria paniculata- Juniperus chinensis-Prunus cerasifera	乔草 Tree-grass	疏植 Thin planting	70.10	63.43	6.67
	2	栾树-丁香-圆柏 Koelreuteria paniculata-Syringa oblata-Juniperus chinensis	乔灌草 Arbor-shrub-grass compound land	疏植 Thin planting	71.40	64.63	6.77
	3	洋白蜡-圆柏 Fraxinus pennsylvanica-Juniperus chinensis	乔草 Tree-grass	疏植 Thin planting	68.17	61.97	6.20

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表 5 受评群落SBE结果

Table 5 Evaluation of community SBE results

序号 Serial No.	样方 Quadrat	植被组成 Vegetation constitute	美景度SBE值 SBE value of beauty
1	太阳宫公园样方2 Quadrat 2 in Taiyanggong Park	毛白杨-油松-圆柏 Populus tomentosa-Pinus tabuliformis-Juniperus chinensis	0.83
2	长春健身园样方1Quadrat 1 in Changchun Fitness Park	碧桃-榆叶梅-铺地柏 Amygdalus persica var. persica f. duplex-Amygdalus triloba	0.83
3	长春健身园样方2 Quadrat 2 in Changchun Fitness Park	碧桃-铺地柏-油松 Amygdalus persica var. persica f. duplex-Sabina procumbens-Pinus tabuliformis	-0.18
4	长春健身园样方3 Quadrat 3 in Changchun Fitness Park	大叶黄杨-西府海棠 Buxus megistophylla-Malus micromalus	-1.04
5	紫竹院公园样方1 Quadrat 1 in Zizhuyuan Park	早园竹-白皮松 Phyllostachys propinqua-Pinus bungeana	-0.70
6	马甸公园样方2Quadrat 2 in Madian Park	栾树-丁香-圆柏 Koelreuteria paniculata-Syringa oblata-Juniperus chinensis	0.08

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