Differentiation of vegetation characteristics on micro-topography in gneiss mountainous area of Pingshan County, Hebei Province of northern China
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摘要: 微地形是导致植物群落特征产生差异的主要地形因子，探讨不同微地形对植物群落特征的影响，对于困难立地植被的恢复与重建具有重要意义。本文以河北省平山县片麻岩山区内的微地形及原状坡的植物群落调查数据为基础，分析了坡顶、塌陷、巨石背阴、缓台、陡坎、谷坡和U形沟7种微地形的植物群落特征及其与原状坡的差异，为片麻岩山区植被的恢复提供参考依据。结果表明：微地形与原状坡在植物群落数量特征方面存在明显差异，微地形植被平均高、盖度和生物量多优于原状坡(33.64 cm、59.61%、291.79 g/m2)，其中以U形沟(49.12 cm、78.02%、574.84 g/m2)、塌陷(50.94 cm、74.81%、570.50 g/m2)最为显著，陡坎(30.65 cm、62.49%、89.13 g/m2)和坡顶(28.73 cm、52.67%、78.36 g/m2)较差。植物群落多样性方面，在各个微地形及原状坡中，谷坡与原状坡植物群落多样性特征相似，物种较少，多样性指数较高，分布较均匀；缓台和U形沟植物群落的多样性指数最优，且这两种微地形物种丰富且分布均匀；塌陷、巨石背阴、坡顶属于单优势种群落，物种种类少且分布不均匀，优势种的优势地位突出；陡坎虽然物种丰富，但是多样性指数较低，而且大都是伴生种或偶见种，且分布最不均匀。因此从植物群落数量特征及多样性的角度看，U形沟、塌陷、缓台是最有利于植被生长的微地形，是片麻岩山区进行植被恢复的较好选择。Abstract: Micro-topography is a main factor inducing the differences in characteristics of plant community. It is significant to explore the impacts of micro-topography on characteristics of plant community for vegetation restoration and rebuilding in difficult site. Based on the investigation data of vegetation in gneiss mountainous area in Pingshan County of Hebei Province of northern China, this paper analyzes the differences in characteristics of plant community among seven micro-topographies, including slope top, collapse, huge stone shadow, platform, scarp, brae and U-gully, with the undisturbed slope as control, aiming at supplying reference for the revegetation of gneiss mountainous area. The results showed that there existed significant differences in the quantitative characteristics of plant community on the seven micro-topographies and the undisturbed slope. The height, coverage and biomass of the plant community on most of the micro-topographies were better than those on the undisturbed slope (33.64 cm, 59.61%, 291.79 g/m2), at the same time, those indexes were best on U-gully (49.12 cm, 78.02%, 574.84 g/m2) and collapse (50.94 cm, 74.81%, 570.50 g/m2), and worst on scarp (30.65 cm, 62.49%, 89.13 g/m2) and slope top (28.73 cm, 52.67%, 78.36 g/m2). In vegetation diversity of plant community, brae had similar diversity characteristics as the undisturbed slope, they both had fewer species, but higher in diversity indexes and evenness. On account of the abundant species and the higher diversity indexes and evenness, the conditions of vegetation diversity on platform and U-gully were the best. Species on collapse, huge stone shadow and slope top were fewer and unequally-distributed. On these micro-topographies, the status of dominant species was prominent, and existed single dominant population. Although there were abundant species on scarp, the diversity indexes and evenness were low, most of the species were occasional or accompanying. Therefore, for the quantitative characteristics of plant community and vegetation diversity, U-gully, collapse and platform were the better choices for revegetation in gneiss mountainous area.
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图 1 片麻岩山区微地形示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of micro-topography in gneiss mountainous area
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图 2 微地形及原状坡植物群落多样性指数
ST.坡顶; CO.塌陷; HS.巨石背阴; PF.缓台; SC.陡坎; BR.谷坡; UG.U形沟; US.原状坡。不同的小写字母表示差异显著(P＜0.05)。
Figure 2. Diversity indices of plant communities on micro-topography and undisturbed slope
ST, slope top; CO, collapse; HS, huge stone shadow; PF, platform; SC, scarp; BR, brae; UG, U-gully; US, undisturbed slope. Different small letters mean significant difference at P < 0.05 level.
表 1 样地内微地形种类及特征
Table 1 Types and characteristics of micro-topography in sampling sites
微地形
Micro-topography特征
Characteristic规格
Scale/m2数量
Quantity坡顶
Slope top坡面的最顶端，较为平坦的小地形，土层瘠薄，水分条件最差A micro-topography on the top of the slope, with barren soil layer, and the condition of water is the worst 4~9 6 塌陷
Collapse坡面上凹陷状小地形，有利于汇集水分和养分
A sunken micro-topography on the slope, which is beneficial to collect more water and nutrient4~6 18 巨石背阴
Huge stone shadow坡面存在体积较大且稳固的石块，在其侧旁存留一些土壤，特别是在石块背阴处，形成一个较阴湿的微环境Giant and stable stones with soil aside on the slope can provide a quite moist micro-topography, especially in the shadow of the huge stone 4~9 13 缓台
Platform坡面局部坡度明显小于所在坡面坡度的小地形，有利于水分的下渗
A micro-topography with a gentle slope, which is good for infiltration9~16 22 陡坎
Scarp坡面局部坡度明显大于所在坡面坡度的小地形，不利于水分的保存
A micro-topography with a significant steeper slope, which is not good for water storing4~9 24 谷坡
Brae坡面的底部，与沟底相连的小地形，水分和养分条件与原状坡相似
A micro-topography at the bottom of the slope, connected with gully and has the similar water and nutrient condition as undisturbed slope16~25 22 U形沟
U-gully降雨形成的径流在汇集过程中冲蚀形成的横断面为U形的沟，深度1 m左右，最有利于水分和养分的汇集Rainfall runoff results in a U-shaped gully, whose depth is about 1 meter and is the best for the collection of water and nutrient 6~9 22 
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表 2 植物群落与立地因子逐步回归方程
Table 2 Stepwise multiple regression between plant community and topography factors
项目Item 逐步回归方程Stepwise multiple regression F R2 P 平均高Average height Y1=24.82+0.671 9x1+0.425 6x2+0.199 4x4 54.96 0.859 ＜0.01 盖度Coverage Y2=15.79+0.586 8x1+0.300 4x5 58.24 0.872 ＜0.01 生物量Biomass Y3=51.57+0.635 8x1+0.112 8x4+0.409 3x5 47.72 0.846 ＜0.01 Shannon-Wiener指数Shannon-Wiener index Y4=2.26+0.506 8x1－0.257 1x3 6.97 0.773 ＜0.05 Margalef指数Margalef index Y5=2.45+0.431 1x1+0.301 6x2－0.408 0x7 10.99 0.691 ＜0.01 Pielou指数Pielou index Y6=0.85+0.741 8x1－0.415 7x7 5.48 0.705 ＜0.05 注:x1表示微地形；x2表示坡向；x3表示坡度；x4表示坡位；x5表示风化层厚度；x6表示粗糙度；x7表示土壤硬度；x8表示含石率。Notes: x1, micro-topography; x2, aspect; x3, slope; x4, slope position; x5, weathered layer thickness; x6, roughness; x7, soil hardness; x8, stone content.
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表 3 不同微地形植物群落数量特征
Table 3 Quantitative characteristics of plant communities on micro-topography
坡向
Slope aspect微地形
Micro-topography平均高
Average height /cm盖度
Coverage /%生物量
Biomass/(g·m-2)阴坡Shady slope 坡顶Slope top 30.49±3.13c 51.23±3.08d 92.79±29.71d 塌陷Collapse 52.57±5.64a 77.52±2.67ab 600.75±34.71a 巨石背阴Huge stone shadow 48.05±4.38a 75.08±5.77ab 592.51±19.84a 缓台Platform 38.32±3.27b 72.33±4.04ab 465.33±32.17b 陡坎Scarp 31.23±1.83c 67.66±2.08bc 112.33±32.51d 谷坡Brae 37.92±4.68b 68.25±6.32bc 422.25±32.77b U形沟U-gully 50.27±4.87a 81.55±4.91a 618.75±15.77a 原状坡Undisturbed slope 35.46±2.32bc 63.16±2.37bc 323.33±25.02c 平均Average 40.54 69.61 403.51 阳坡Sunny slope 坡顶Slope top 26.97±3.25c 54.12±4.96b 63.93±13.12d 塌陷Collapse 49.32±4.13a 72.11±5.56a 540.25±33.64a 巨石背阴Huge stone shadow 45.21±2.87a 53.52±3.16b 385.61±54.37b 缓台Platform 35.54±4.45b 61.53±5.19b 427.75±42.09b 陡坎Scarp 30.08±3.99c 57.33±4.56b 65.93±24.72d 谷坡Brae 32.72±3.07bc 60.32±4.15b 398.25±24.29b U形沟U-gully 47.96±3.82a 74.48±4.66a 530.92±55.41a 原状坡Undisturbed slope 31.83±1.05bc 56.07±4.03b 260.25±26.53c 平均Average 37.45 61.18 334.11 注:同列不同小写字母表示差异显著(P＜0.05)。Note: different small letters in the same column mean significant difference at P＜0.05 level.
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表 4 微地形及原状坡植物群落中主要植物的重要值
Table 4 Importance values of main species of plant communities on micro-topography and undisturbed slope
植物种
Plant species坡顶
Slope top塌陷
Collapse巨石背阴
Huge stone
shadow缓台
Platform陡坎
Scarp谷坡
BraeU形沟
U-gully原状坡
Undisturbed
slope铁杆蒿Artemisia sacrorum 0.109 0.223 0.173 0.116 0.125 0.131 0.237 0.147 茭蒿Artemisia giraldii 0.061 0.050 0.062 0.054 黄背草Themeda triandra 0.082 0.127 狗尾草Setaria viridis 0.082 0.077 0.073 野古草Arundinella anomala 0.102 0.058 0.072 0.094 0.112 0.067 白羊草Bothriochloa ischaemum 0.166 0.133 0.159 0.112 0.110 0.176 0.178 0.121 阿尔泰狗娃花Heteropappus altaicus 0.119 0.071 0.051 0.069 画眉草Eragrostis pilosa 0.196 0.086 0.079 0.059 0.096 0.075 委陵菜Potentilla chinensis 0.053 达呼里胡枝子Lespedeza davurica 0.081 0.127 0.100 0.116 0.087 0.107 0.182 0.114 披针叶苔草Carex lanceolata 0.094 0.090 0.063 中华隐子草Cleistogenes chinensis 0.091 0.097 0.076 0.109 0.059 酸枣Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa 0.267 0.297 0.088 0.067 0.093 0.352 0.184 荆条Vitex negundo var. heterophylla 0.309 0.186 0.103 0.198 0.156 薄皮木Leptodermis oblonga 0.050 0.133 0.119 0.097 0.055 0.103 0.245
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