Particle-retaining characteristics of six tree species and their relations with micro-configurations of leaf epidermis
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摘要: 为研究不同绿化树种在单位叶面积上对于不同粒径颗粒物的滞留能力及叶表颗粒物粒度分布特性，分析叶表微观结构与滞尘能力的关系，以期为绿化植物选择及降低社区颗粒物污染提供依据。本实验以北京林业大学校园内社区绿化树种为研究对象，定量测量了6个常见树种的单位叶表面滞尘能力，并利用Mastersizer 2000对叶表滞留颗粒物的粒度分布特征进行分析，采用扫描电镜分析比较了各树种叶表面微观结构。结果表明：对于不同树种，在单位叶面积上所滞留颗粒物的能力方面有较大差异，滞留量由大到小依次为：油松>金银忍冬>大叶黄杨>暴马丁香>洋白蜡>元宝枫，油松的滞留颗粒物能力为元宝枫的44倍。在叶表颗粒物滞留粒径的分布方面，颗粒物主要粒径分布在10~50 μm，按照平均粒径(D50)从小到大的顺序为：元宝枫＜暴马丁香＜大叶黄杨＜洋白蜡＜金银忍冬＜油松。在比表面积大小方面，植物叶面滞留颗粒物从大到小的顺序为：元宝枫>暴马丁香>大叶黄杨>洋白蜡>油松>金银忍冬。植物叶表的滞尘能力与叶表气孔的数目及气孔是否开放无显著关系，而与植物叶表的气孔大小有关：对于气孔大的树种，滞尘能力相对较强。叶表微观性状对颗粒物滞留能力的影响排序为：分泌物>沟状组织>凹槽>褶皱>条状突起。依据不同绿化树种滞尘能力，提出树种选择建议，为科学合理的选择抗颗粒物污染树种提供基础。Abstract: To help reduce the particulate pollution, we measured the amounts of dust retention of six common tree species in Beijing Forestry University, and studied the characteristics of particles on leaf surface.We also studied the relationship between dust retention ability and microstructure of leaf surface. In this way, it is helpful for the selection of tree species for reducing particulate pollution and optimization of urban greening and beautification. Quantitative determination characteristics of particles retained by foliage of six common greening tree species in Beijing was measured by Mastersizer 2000 laser particle size analyzer. And the results showed that particulate retention capability of foliage was in the order of Pinus tabuliformis>Lonicera maackii>Buxus megistophylla>Syringa reticulate>Fraxinus pennsylvanica>Acer truncatum; However, the particulates retained by Pinus tabuliformis was 44 times of Acer truncatum. It was showed that the size of foliar particulates mainly concentrated in 10-50μm. And the order of average particle size (D50)retention ability of plant species was as follows:Acer truncatum < Syringa reticulata < Buxus megistophylla < Fraxinus pennsylvanica < Lonicera maackii < Pinus tabuliformis. Besides, the order of specific surface area of six tree species was Acer truncatum>Syringa reticulate>Buxus megistophylla>Fraxinus pennsylvanica>Pinus tabuliformis>Lonicera maackii. The relationship between dust retention and leaf surface structure was examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) by analyzing surface microconfigurations of leaves, and the structure and density of leaf stomata. Results showed that the particleretaining capacity increased with the increase of stomatal size; however, no relationship was observed between the number of stomatal and the opening of stomatal. The effects of microconfigurations of leaf epidermis on the particleretaining capacities were showed in the order of secretion>trench>groove>wrinkle>strip raise. It is concluded that the dust retention ability of tree species in residential areas should be taken into consideration for selecting tree species in order to minimize particulate matter pollution and optimize the ecological service of residential areas.
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图 1 不同树种叶面滞留颗粒物粒径累积分布图
A 油松 Pinus tabuliformis;B 金银忍冬 Lonicera maackii;C 大叶黄杨 Buxus megistophylla;D 暴马丁香 Fraxinus pennsylvanica;E 洋白蜡 Fraxinus Americana;F 元宝枫 Acer truncatum
Figure 1. Cumulative distribution of particle size of different plants
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图 2 扫描电镜500倍视野下供试树种叶表微观结构
a1.油松近轴面; a2.油松远轴面；b1.金银忍冬上表面; b2.金银忍冬下表面；c1.大叶黄杨上表面; c2.大叶黄杨下表面；d1.暴马丁香上表面; d2.暴马丁香下表面；e1.洋白蜡上表面; e2.洋白蜡下表面；f1.元宝枫上表面; f2.元宝枫下表面。
Figure 2. Scanning electron micrographs of micro-configurations of leaf epidermis for different tree species
a1, adaxial side of Pinus tabuliformis; a2, abaxial side of Pinus tabuliformis; b1, upper surface of Lonicera maackii; b2, lower surface of Lonicera maackii; c1, upper surface of Buxus megistophylla; c2, lower surface of Buxus megistophylla; d1, upper surface of Syringa reticulate; d2, lower surface of Syringa reticulate; e1, upper surface of Fraxinus Americana; e2, lower surface of Fraxinus Americana; f1, upper surface of Acer truncatum; f2, lower surface of Acer truncatum.
表 1 供试树种及其特征
Table 1 Selected tree species and their characteristics
植物名称
Tree species科
Family属
Genus生活型
Life form类型
Form金银忍冬
Lonicera maackii忍冬科
Caprifoliaceae忍冬属
Lonicera落叶阔叶
Deciduous and broadleaved灌木
Shrub大叶黄杨
Buxus megistophylla黄杨科
Buxaceae黄杨属
Buxus常绿阔叶Evergreen broadleaved 暴马丁香
Syringa reticulate var. amurensis木犀科
Oleaceae丁香属
Syringa落叶阔叶
Deciduous and broadleaved乔木
Tree洋白蜡
Fraxinus pennsylvanica木犀科
Oleaceae梣属
Fraxinus元宝枫
Acer truncatum槭树科
Aceraceae槭属
Acer油松
Pinus tabuliformis松科
Pinaceae松属
Pinus常绿针叶
Evergreen conifer
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表 2 供试树种总颗粒物滞留能力
Table 2 Capture capacities of particulate matters retained by plant leaves
植物名称
Tree species单位叶面积滞留量Dust retention on per leaf area/(μg·cm -2) 变异系数
Variation coefficient/%范围Range 平均值Average value 金银忍冬Lonicera maackii 22.67~179.89 83.42 57.82 大叶黄杨Buxus megistophylla 26.19~110.44 70.62 39.95 暴马丁香Syringa reticulate var. amurensis 17.85~134.29 51.84 79.53 洋白蜡Fraxinus pennsylvanica 15.19~78.43 40.96 60.29 元宝枫Acer truncatum 20.13~46.00 31.42 34.19 油松Pinus tabuliformis 495.06~2 082.68 1 379.96 50.17
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表 3 供试树种叶表颗粒物粒度分布
Table 3 Size distribution of particulate matters retained on selected trees
植物名称
Tree speciesD50/
μmSSA/
(m2·g -1)< 2.5 μm/
%2.5~10 μm/
%10~50 μm/
%50~100 μm/
%> 100 μm/
%油松Pinus tabuliformis 38.717 0.58 5.31 15.5 36.65 14.32 28.22 金银忍冬Lonicera maackii 34.087 0.567 4.69 15.16 40.81 15.31 24.03 大叶黄杨Buxus megistophylla 20.654 0.815 7.17 21.8 57.18 11.2 2.65 暴马丁香Syringa reticulate var. amurensis 19.026 0.858 7.49 21.81 63.96 6.74 0 洋白蜡Fraxinus pennsylvanica 23.800 0.669 5.38 17.39 57.13 11.27 8.83 元宝枫Acer truncatum 18.447 0.874 7.66 23.79 63.23 5.32 0 注：D50表示平均粒径/中位粒径。SSA为比表面积，单位质量颗粒的表面积之和。Notes: D50, median particle diameter or average particle diameter, means particulates which are greater than it occupies 50%. SSA, specific surface area, total superficial area of particles in unit mass.
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表 4 北京树种表皮气孔及表皮毛特征(500倍视野下)
Table 4 Characteristics of stomata and trichome of Beijing species(500×)
树种
Tree species气孔器形态
Stoma shape气孔数量
Stoma number表皮毛形态
Epiderma
hair shape表皮毛密度
Density of
epiderma hair油松
Pinus tabuliformis圆形，开放，下陷，大小不均一，排列整齐，直径约100~200 μm The shape of stoma is circle, with different size, the diameter is 100-200 μm, and is open. Stoma is cave and range with regulation 6 无
Nothing无
Nothing金银忍冬
Lonicera maackii圆形，几乎均关闭，大小均匀，直径约100 μm The shape of stoma is circle, and the size is uniform, the diameter is 100 μm, nearly all of them are close 17 无
Nothing无
Nothing大叶黄杨
Buxus megistophylla圆形，全部开放，下陷，大小均一，直径约300 μm，表皮细胞与下陷气孔形成沟The shape of stoma is circle, and the size is uniform, the diameter is 300 μm, all of them are open. Stoma is cave and form curve with epidermic cells 13 无
Nothing无
Nothing暴马丁香
Syringa reticulate var. amurensis圆形，全部开放，大小均一，直径约120 μm，保卫细胞凸起The shape of stoma is circle, and the size is uniform, the diameter is 120 μm, all of them are open. The guard cells are bulge 22 无
Nothing无
Nothing洋白蜡
Fraxinus pennsylvanica长椭圆形，小部分开放，大小不一，短边约50 μm，长边约100 μm The shape of stoma is oval, with different size, the short side is 50 μm while the long side is 100 μm, some of them are open 14 无
Nothing无
Nothing元宝枫
Acer truncatum细长型，部分开放，大小均一，短边约20 μm，长边约40 μm The shape of stoma is long and thin, the size is uniform, and the diameter of short side is 20 μm, the long side is 40 μm, some of them are open 15 无
Nothing无
Nothing
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