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杀线虫真菌Sr18发酵液对松材线虫超微结构的影响

王修清, 王倩, 王亚萍, 冯欣, 孙建华, 孟庆恒

王修清, 王倩, 王亚萍, 冯欣, 孙建华, 孟庆恒. 杀线虫真菌Sr18发酵液对松材线虫超微结构的影响[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2017, 39(7): 69-75. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.20170048
引用本文: 王修清, 王倩, 王亚萍, 冯欣, 孙建华, 孟庆恒. 杀线虫真菌Sr18发酵液对松材线虫超微结构的影响[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2017, 39(7): 69-75. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.20170048
WANG Xiu-qing, WANG Qian, WANG Ya-ping, FENG Xin, SUN Jian-hua, MENG Qing-heng. Effects of nematicidal filamentous fungus Sr18 metabolites on the ultrastructure of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2017, 39(7): 69-75. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.20170048
Citation: WANG Xiu-qing, WANG Qian, WANG Ya-ping, FENG Xin, SUN Jian-hua, MENG Qing-heng. Effects of nematicidal filamentous fungus Sr18 metabolites on the ultrastructure of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2017, 39(7): 69-75. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.20170048

杀线虫真菌Sr18发酵液对松材线虫超微结构的影响

基金项目: 

国家自然科学基金项目 31272019

详细信息
    作者简介:

    王修清。主要研究方向:植物线虫的生物防治。Email:clearmoon2008@126.com  地址:300387  天津市西青区宾水西道延长线393号天津师范大学主校区生命科学学院

    责任作者:

    孟庆恒,副教授。主要研究方向:应用微生物。Email:jbv3139@163.com  地址:同上

  • 中图分类号: S763.3; S432.4+5

Effects of nematicidal filamentous fungus Sr18 metabolites on the ultrastructure of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

  • 摘要: Sr18真菌是一株自主分离获得的具有广谱杀线虫活性的生防菌。为探明该菌的杀线虫作用机理,以松材线虫为靶标,借助场发射高分辨扫描电镜及透射电镜,对1/2浓度的Sr18发酵液小分子活性组分处理后的线虫及未处理的正常线虫进行了超微观察。高分辨率扫描电镜观察结果表明,小分子物质对松材线虫头部、体壁和尾部均有损伤,并观察到内容物外溢的现象。透射电镜观察结果显示,线虫表皮和体腔分离,细胞核受损严重,形状不规则,粗面内质网核糖体聚集,线粒体空泡样变,肌纤维受损。这些现象从形态结构角度证实了该发酵液小分子活性成分对线虫的损伤是整体性的毒杀作用,排除了表面触杀的机制。这为进一步揭示Sr18的杀线虫机理以及线虫生防制剂的开发提供了重要理论依据。
    Abstract: Filamentous fungus Sr18 is a documented bio-control fungus against nematodes with broad-spectrum nematocidal activity. In present research, high resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe the micro-structure surface as well as internal cellular ultrastructure of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The results of SEM indicated that small molecular active products damaged the B. xylophilus' heads, body wall and tail. The dissolved substance inside the cell flowed out was observed by SEM. The results of TEM indicated that nematodes' cuticle and coelom were separated, and cell nucleus were seriously damaged, and became irregular. The ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum became aggregated. The mitochondria appeared vacuolated. The muscle cells were also damaged. The above phenomena demonstrated that the nematocidal mechanism of small molecular active products was poisoned holistically rather than surface contact action. The research provides scientific evidence for further revealing the nematocidal mechanism of Sr18 as well as the development of biological pesticide controlling nematodes.
  • 白桦(Betula platyphylla)作为我国重要的阔叶用材树种,广泛分布于东北、华北、西北及西南高山林区等14个省区[1],其木质坚硬,质地细白,在家具、建材、造纸等方面具有广泛用途。由于白桦为异花授粉树种,自交不育,基因型高度杂合,因此群体内个体间遗传差异十分明显,主要表现在个体间的干型、生长、适应性等性状各不相同。开展白桦家系多点造林试验,对不同地点间的参试家系进行选择,可最大限度地利用家系间及家系内个体间变异,加速白桦遗传改良进程。

    研究团队于1997—2000年间,依据表型性状从帽儿山、草河口、辉南、露水河、汪清、小北湖和东方红等多个种源内筛选出若干株白桦优良单株,将这些优树个体分年度定植于棚式种子园内,建立了白桦初级实生种子园。前期,对园中母树自由授粉的半同胞子代在单一地点的试验结果进行过初步分析[2],但是这仅为单一试验点的结果且林龄尚小。然而,通过多点试验研究,不仅能够分析各家系在单一地点的生长性状,同时也能够对参试家系进行基因型与环境交互作用的分析,是筛选对不同类型环境具有特殊适应性基因型的必要手段,也是进行优良家系选择及遗传改良的重要方法之一[3-4]。在以往的白桦多点试验研究中,本团队曾就白桦杂交子代2~5年生幼龄林测定数据进行过早期选择与评价[5-7],但也仅限于幼龄林时期,尚未对成年林分进行跟踪调查。为此,本试验开展12年生自由授粉的半同胞家系多点子代测定研究,在进行优良家系选择的同时对建园母树进行评价,为白桦种子园的改建提供参考。

    试验材料为东北林业大学白桦初级实生种子园内53株白桦母树自由授粉的半同胞子代家系。2001年采种,2002年育苗,2003年分别在黑龙江省伊春市朗乡林业局小白林场、吉林省吉林市林业科学研究院实验林场、黑龙江省尚志市帽儿山实验林场营建白桦半同胞家系测定林,3个试验点地理与气候条件见表 1。试验林按照完全随机区组设计,在帽儿山试验点为20株双行排列,在吉林与朗乡2试验点为10株单行排列,株行距2m×2m,3次重复。2015年春分别对3个地点的12年生白桦半同胞子代试验林进行全林树高、胸径调查。

    表  1  3个试验点的地理气候条件
    Table  1.  Geographical and climatic conditions of the three test sites
    序号
    No.
    试验点
    Test site
    纬度
    Latitude
    经度
    Longitude
    年降水量
    Annual precipitation/mm
    年平均温度
    Annual average temperature/℃
    无霜期
    Frost-freeseason/d
    土壤类型
    Soil type
    1 朗乡
    Langxiang
    46°48′N 128°50′E 676.0 1.0 100 永冻暗棕壤
    Permafrost dark brown
    2 帽儿山
    Maoershan
    45°16′N 127°31′E 666.1 2.4 120 暗棕壤
    Dark brown
    3 吉林
    Jilin
    43°40′N 126°40′E 700.0 4.1 135 暗棕壤
    Dark brown
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    采用超声波测高仪及塔尺测量树高,采用围尺测量胸径。家系保存率按各试验点内各家系实际保存株数计算。根据白桦的二元材积表公式计算单株材积:V=0.0000051935163D1.8586884H1.0038941[8]

    表型变异系数(PCV)采用公式:PCV=σˉX×100%,式中:σ为性状标准差,X为性状平均值[9]

    遗传增益(G):G=h2SˉX×100%, 式中:h2为性状遗传力,S为入选各优良家系性状平均值与参试家系相应性状平均值的差值, X为参试家系性状平均值。

    方差分析及多重比较(Duncan)利用SPSS16.0和Microsoft Excel等统计分析软件进行计算。

    各试验地点间及试验点内均采用双因素方差分析线性模型进行分析,其模型表达式及各参数含义详见参考文献[6]。

    采用南京林业大学林木多地点半同胞子代测定遗传分析R语言程序包以及R软件进行多地点半同胞子代材积育种值BLUP估计。模型建立过程根据童春发[10-11]的方法进行,详见文献[11]。

    BLUP的线性混合模型公式为[11]

    yy=XXβ+ZZu+e

    式中: y为材积观测值向量,XZ分别为βu的相关矩阵,β为固定效应,u为随机遗传效应,e为随机误差效应。

    3个地点联合方差分析(表 2)表明:单株材积、树高性状在地点间和家系间以及地点与家系的交互作用均表现出极显著(P<0.01)的差异,胸径性状在地点间和家系间也表现出极显著(P<0.01)的差异;说明不同家系在同一地点内生长差异明显,同一个家系在不同立地条件下的生长表现也各不一致,各地点与家系间存在较为明显的互作效应。

    表  2  参试家系生长性状多地点联合方差分析
    Table  2.  Joint variance analysis of growth traits for birch families at different sites
    生长性状
    Growth trait
    变异来源
    Source of variation
    df SS MS F P
    树高
    Height(H)/m
    地点Site 2 1755.112 877.556 490.323** <0.01
    地点内区组Site (Block) 6 315.480 52.580 29.378** <0.01
    家系Family 52 351.766 6.765 3.780** <0.01
    家系×地点Family×site(G×E) 104 474.421 4.562 2.549** <0.01
    试验误差Experiment error 4065 7275.337 1.790
    总变异Total variance 4230 423725.196
    胸径
    Diameter at breast height (DBH)/cm
    地点Site 2 3674.704 1837.352 435.896** <0.01
    地点内区组Site (Block) 6 283.320 47.220 11.203** <0.01
    家系Family 52 389.907 7.498 1.779** <0.01
    家系×地点G×E 104 542.376 5.215 1.237 0.053
    试验误差Experiment error 4065 17134.428 4.215
    总变异Total variance 4230 366062.640
    单株材积Volume(V)/m3 地点Site 2 0.189 0.094 509.010** <0.01
    地点内区组Site (Block) 6 0.017 0.003 15.243** <0.01
    家系Family 52 0.025 <0.001 2.621** <0.01
    家系×地点G×E 104 0.029 <0.001 1.499** <0.01
    试验误差Experiment error 4065 0.753 <0.001
    总变异Total variance 4230 6.436
    注: *差异显著,P<0.05; **差异极显著,P<0.01。下同。Notes: * means significant difference at P<0.05 level; ** means extremely significant difference at P<0.01 level. The same below.
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    单个地点的方差分析(表 3)表明:树高、胸径以及单株材积在家系间均达到差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)水平,说明不同家系间生长存在明显差别。在3个试验点中,帽儿山试验点的白桦家系树高、胸径和单株材积生长表现最好,均值分别为10.3928m、9.6489cm和0.0408m3,且变异系数较小,分别为11.79%、22.64%和34.80%,说明参试家系在帽儿山试验点不仅生长量最大,而且生长整齐度也较好。吉林试验点的参试家系各性状均值均处于中间,生长变异水平也处于中等。朗乡试验点各性状均值最小,为8.6575m、7.1091cm和0.0226m3,这与当地年均温较低,无霜期较短等气候条件有关。

    表  3  不同试验点间参试家系生长性状的遗传参数
    Table  3.  Genetic parameters for growth traits of birch families at different sites
    试验地点
    Test site
    性状
    Growth trait
    均值
    Mean
    标准差
    Standarddeviation
    变幅
    Amplitude ofvariation
    变异系数
    Coefficient of variation/%
    F P
    朗乡
    Langxiang
    树高H/m 8.6575 1.6515 9.19~9.89 19.08 2.349 ** <0.01
    胸径DBH/cm 7.1091 2.0069 5.90~8.34 28.23 1.446* 0.02
    单株材积V/m3 0.0226 0.0119 0.0156~0.0311 52.65 1.650** <0.01
    帽儿山
    Maoershan
    树高H/m 10.3928 1.2252 9.39~11.30 11.79 7.984** <0.01
    胸径DBH/cm 9.6489 2.1848 8.67~10.77 22.64 1.868** <0.01
    单株材积V/m3 0.0408 0.0142 0.0331~0.0499 34.80 3.653** <0.01
    吉林
    Jilin
    树高H/m 9.7268 1.5534 8.15~11.00 15.97 3.408** <0.01
    胸径DBH/cm 9.1610 1.9483 7.73~10.21 21.27 2.293** <0.01
    单株材积V/m3 0.0351 0.0152 0.0231~0.0453 43.30 2.892** <0.01
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    由于家系间各性状均达到显著差异水平(P<0.05),进而进行多重比较(表 4),初步筛选优良家系。将树高、胸径和单株材积分别在各试验点按均值高低排序后发现,由于3个试验点地理环境各有不同,基因型与环境的交互作用明显,所以53个家系在不同试验点生长表现各有差异,因此首先考虑在各试验点内进行单点优良家系初选,然后再进行3试验点间的联合选择。

    表  4  各试验地点参试家系生长性状多重比较
    Table  4.  Multiple comparisons of birch H, DBH and V for the tested lines at different sites
    家系
    Family
    朗乡Langxiang 帽儿山Maoershan 吉林Jilin
    树高H/m 胸径DBH/cm 单株材积V/m3 树高H/m 胸径DBH/cm 单株材积V/m3 树高H/m 胸径DBH/cm 单株材积V/m3
    B1 9.65 abcd 7.43 abcde 0.0291 ab 10.23 fghijklm 9.40 bcdef 0.0384 defghijkl 9.58 bcdefghijkl 9.28 abcdef 0.0335 bcdefghij
    B2 7.90 hijk 6.93 abcde 0.0193 bcdefgh 10.28 efghijkl 9.64 abcdef 0.0394 cdefghijkl 8.72 lm 7.73 g 0.0265 jk
    B3 8.30 defghijk 6.77 abcde 0.0209 abcdefgh 10.41 bcdefghijkl 9.47 bcdef 0.0406 cdefghijk 10.07 abcdefghij 9.50 abcdef 0.0395 abcdef
    B4 8.86 abcdefghij 7.05 abcde 0.0251 abcdefgh 9.67 nop 8.67 f 0.0331 l 9.56 bcdefghijkl 8.39 cdefg 0.0311 cdefghijk
    B5 9.53 abcde 7.79 abcd 0.0280 abcd 10.13 hijklmno 9.70 abcdef 0.0382 defghijkl 10.30 abcdef 9.44 abcdef 0.0394 abcdef
    B6 8.27 efghijk 6.81 abcde 0.0205 bcdefgh 10.34 cdefghijkl 9.27 cdef 0.0383 defghijkl 8.69 lm 9.15 abcdef 0.0278 ijk
    B7 9.11 abcdefghij 6.68 abcde 0.0230 abcdefgh 9.92 lmno 8.95 ef 0.0354 ijkl 9.24 hijkl 8.25 defg 0.0295 efghijk
    B8 8.14 fghijk 6.27 cde 0.0172 efgh 10.44 bcdefghijkl 9.15 cdef 0.0390 cdefghijkl 8.15 m 8.43 cdefg 0.0231 k
    B9 8.28 defghijk 6.05 de 0.0177 defgh 9.91 lmno 9.70 abcdef 0.0366 hijkl 9.83 bcdefghijk 8.58 cdefg 0.0326 cdefghijk
    B10 8.81 abcdefghij 8.34 a 0.0251 abcdefgh 10.56 bcdefghij 9.60 abcdef 0.0411 cdefghijk 9.77 bcdefghijk 8.82 abcdefg 0.0343 bcdefghij
    B11 8.29 defghijk 6.75 abcde 0.0221 abcdefgh 10.89 abc 9.50 bcdef 0.0425 bcdefghi 9.57 bcdefghijkl 9.57 abcdef 0.0348 bcdefghij
    B12 9.09 abcdefghij 6.91 abcde 0.0230 abcdefgh 10.47 bcdefghijkl 9.45 bcdef 0.0404 cdefghijk 9.71 bcdefghijk 8.35 cdefg 0.0321 cdefghijk
    B13 8.84 abcdefghij 7.09 abcde 0.0221 abcdefgh 10.35 cdefghijkl 9.89 abcde 0.0408 cdefghijk 9.92 bcdefghijk 9.14 abcdef 0.0356 abcdefghij
    B14 9.15 abcdefghi 7.65 abcde 0.0275 abcdef 10.45 bcdefghijkl 9.88 abcde 0.0415 bcdefghij 9.97 bcdefghijk 9.25 abcdef 0.0366 abcdefghij
    B15 9.52 abcde 7.50 abcde 0.0277 abcde 10.45 bcdefghijkl 10.47 ab 0.0437 abcdefgh 11.00 a 9.78 abc 0.0453 a
    B16 8.96 abcdefghij 7.29 abcde 0.0237 abcdefgh 10.94 ab 9.98 abcde 0.0460 abc 10.38 abcde 9.45 abcdef 0.0410 abcd
    B17 8.77 abcdefghij 8.18 ab 0.0247 abcdefgh 10.21 fghijklm 9.55 bcdef 0.0387 cdefghijkl 9.74 bcdefghijk 10.13 ab 0.0376 abcdefghi
    B18 9.72 ab 7.55 abcde 0.0284 abc 10.32 defghijkl 9.17 cdef 0.0382 defghijkl 9.74 bcdefghijk 9.36 abcdef 0.0351 abcdefghij
    B19 9.27 abcdefgh 7.54 abcde 0.0254 abcdefgh 10.42 bcdefghijkl 9.57 bcdef 0.0405 cdefghijk 10.26 abcdefg 9.72 abc 0.0400 abcde
    B20 8.53 abcdefghij 7.02 abcde 0.0215 abcdefgh 10.10 ijklmno 9.23 cdef 0.0371 fghijkl 9.04 kl 8.47 cdefg 0.0283 hijk
    B21 8.06 fghijk 7.06 abcde 0.0200 bcdefgh 10.58 bcdefghij 9.51 bcdef 0.0414 bcdefghij 9.05 kl 8.69 bcdefg 0.0292 fghijk
    B22 9.02 abcdefghij 7.91 abc 0.0262 abcdefg 10.01 jklmno 9.32 bcdef 0.0381 efghijkl 9.32 fghijkl 8.77 abcdefg 0.0302 efghijk
    B23 8.71 abcdefghij 6.44 bcde 0.0200 bcdefgh 10.23 fghijklm 9.33 bcdef 0.0398 cdefghijkl 9.37 fghijkl 8.63 cdefg 0.0336 bcdefghij
    B24 8.75 abcdefghij 6.97 abcde 0.0229 abcdefgh 10.09 ijklmno 9.49 bcdef 0.0385 cdefghijkl 9.15 jkl 9.01 abcdefg 0.0300 efghijk
    B25 7.98 ghijk 6.24 cde 0.0172 fgh 10.25 fghijklm 10.01 abcde 0.0418 bcdefghi 10.09 abcdefghij 9.57 abcdef 0.0385 abcdefgh
    B26 9.08 abcdefghij 7.77 abcd 0.0251 abcdefgh 9.72 mnop 9.05 def 0.0369 ghijkl 9.13 jkl 9.28 abcdef 0.0350 abcdefghij
    B27 8.41 bcdefghijk 7.23 abcde 0.0226 abcdefgh 10.32 defghijkl 9.81 abcdef 0.0410 cdefghijk 9.52 cdefghijkl 9.17 abcdef 0.0329 cdefghijk
    B28 8.77 abcdefghij 6.22 cde 0.0251 abcdefgh 10.07 jklmno 10.10 abcde 0.0407 cdefghijk 10.52 ab 10.10 ab 0.0453 a
    B29 7.19 k 6.12 cde 0.0161 gh 10.91 abc 9.87 abcde 0.0444 abcdef 9.95 bcdefghijk 9.50 abcdef 0.0374 abcdefghi
    B30 9.68 abc 6.47 bcde 0.0254 abcdefgh 10.65 bcdefghi 9.58 bcdef 0.0418 bcdefghi 9.73 bcdefghijk 9.28 abcdef 0.0346 bcdefghij
    B31 8.91 abcdefghij 6.80 abcde 0.0228 abcdefgh 10.40 bcdefghijkl 9.66 abcdef 0.0414 cdefghij 10.39 abcde 9.71 abc 0.0416 abc
    B32 8.48 bcdefghijk 7.62 abcde 0.0221 abcdefgh 10.38 bcdefghijkl 9.53 bcdef 0.0399 cdefghijkl 9.29 ghijkl 8.70 bcdefg 0.0303 efghijk
    B33 8.94 abcdefghij 7.66 abcde 0.0258 abcdefgh 10.29 efghijkl 9.19 cdef 0.0387 cdefghijkl 10.00 bcdefghijk 9.70 abcd 0.0390 abcdefg
    B34 9.89 a 7.88 abcd 0.0311 a 10.87 abcd 10.16 abcd 0.0458 abc 10.50 abc 9.78 abc 0.0414 abc
    B35 8.30 defghijk 6.93 abcde 0.0206 bcdefgh 10.83 abcde 10.77 a 0.0486 ab 9.70 bcdefghijk 8.75 bcdefg 0.0342 bcdefghij
    B36 8.08 fghijk 7.04 abcde 0.0189 bcdefgh 10.70 bcdefgh 10.09 abcde 0.0444 abcdef 10.00 bcdefghijk 9.44 abcdef 0.0368 abcdefghij
    B37 8.25 efghijk 7.49 abcde 0.0214 abcdefgh 10.58 bcdefghij 10.00 abcde 0.0435 abcdefgh 9.87 bcdefghijk 9.28 abcdef 0.0355 abcdefghij
    B38 8.31 cdefghijk 7.44 abcde 0.0239 abcdefgh 9.61 op 8.96 ef 0.0339 kl 9.27 ghijkl 8.87 abcdefg 0.0313 cdefghijk
    B39 8.56 abcdefghij 7.58 abcde 0.0226 abcdefgh 10.17 ghijklmn 9.82 abcdef 0.0404 cdefghijk 9.61 bcdefghijkl 8.84 abcdefg 0.0334 bcdefghij
    B40 7.81 ijk 6.57 abcde 0.0169 gh 11.30 a 10.31 abc 0.0499 a 9.96 bcdefghijk 9.37 abcdef 0.0382 abcdefghi
    B41 8.12 fghijk 6.91 abcde 0.0199 bcdefgh 10.66 bcdefghi 9.37 bcdef 0.0404 cdefghijk 10.17 abcdefghi 9.34 abcdef 0.0382 abcdefghi
    B42 8.79 abcdefghij 7.33 abcde 0.0229 abcdefgh 10.91 abc 10.11 abcde 0.0456 abcd 9.96 bcdefghijk 9.75 abc 0.0382 abcdefghi
    B43 8.73 abcdefghij 7.76 abcd 0.0250 abcdefgh 10.69 bcdefgh 9.50 bcdef 0.0427 bcdefghi 9.83 bcdefghijk 9.36 abcdef 0.0356 abcdefghij
    B44 7.74 jk 7.11 abcde 0.0185 cdefgh 10.69 bcdefgh 10.04 abcde 0.0442 abcdefg 10.21 abcdefgh 9.61 abcdef 0.0389 abcdefgh
    B45 9.45 abcdef 7.41 abcde 0.0285 abc 10.69 bcdefgh 10.27 abc 0.0452 abcde 9.50 defghijkl 9.51 abcdef 0.0344 bcdefghij
    B46 8.93 abcdefghij 7.85 abcd 0.0245 abcdefgh 10.50 bcdefghijk 9.86 abcde 0.0418 bcdefghi 9.48 efghijkl 8.20 efg 0.0300 efghijk
    B47 8.66 abcdefghij 6.29 cde 0.0196 bcdefgh 9.39 p 9.37 bcdef 0.0342 jkl 9.19 ijkl 8.19 fg 0.0308 defghijk
    B48 9.33 abcdefg 6.54 abcde 0.0222 abcdefgh 10.73 bcdefg 10.33 abc 0.0452 abcde 9.96 bcdefghijk 9.46 abcdef 0.0364 abcdefghij
    B49 7.84 ijk 5.90 e 0.0156 h 10.41 bcdefghijkl 9.04 def 0.0384 defghijkl 10.11 abcdefghij 9.39 abcdef 0.0380 abcdefghi
    B50 8.15 efghijk 6.42 bcde 0.0183 cdefgh 10.55 bcdefghij 10.23 abcd 0.0436 abcdefgh 10.06 bcdefghij 9.66 abcde 0.0389 abcdefgh
    B51 8.96 abcdefghij 7.94 abc 0.0248 abcdefgh 10.45 bcdefghijkl 9.61 abcdef 0.0413 cdefghij 10.48 abcd 10.21 a 0.0439 ab
    B52 8.18 efghijk 7.14 abcde 0.0195 bcdefgh 9.97 klmno 9.20 cdef 0.0354 ijkl 9.06 kl 8.52 cdefg 0.0284 ghijk
    B53 7.83 ijk 7.13 abcde 0.0184 cdefgh 10.75 bcdef 9.67 abcdef 0.0427 bcdefghi 9.86 bcdefghijk 9.13 abcdefg 0.0352 abcdefghij
    注:表中不同字母表示在P < 0.05水平上差异显著。Note: different letters mean significant difference at P < 0.05 level.
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    在朗乡试验点,若以各性状均值加上0.2倍标准差为选择条件,则3个性状均高于选择标准的有:B5、B14、B15、B18、B19、B22、B26和B34家系,这8个家系为生长性状最优家系,其树高、胸径和单株材积均值分别为:9.40m、7.70cm和0.0274m3, 分别高于参试家系均值的8.54%、8.30%和21.49%,仅有2个生长性状高于选择标准的有:B1、B10、B33、B43和B45家系,为生长良好家系,其树高、胸径和单株材积均值分别为:9.12m、7.72cm和0.0267m3。根据多重比较结果,朗乡试验点初步选择这13个家系为优良家系,入选率为24.53%。依据上述选择标准,在帽儿山试验点生长最优家系为B34、B35、B36、B40、B42、B45和B48,这7个家系的树高、胸径和单株材积均值为:10.86m、10.29cm、0.0464m3,分别高于参试家系均值的4.51%、6.66%和13.76%,较好家系为B15、B16、B29和B44,其树高、胸径和单株材积均值为:10.75m、10.09cm和0.0446m3,因此,这11个家系入选为帽儿山试验点的优良家系,入选率为20.75%。同样选择标准,在吉林试验点选择B15、B19、B25、B28、B31、B34、B44、B50、B51、B3、B5、B16、B33、B41和B42等15个家系为优良家系,入选率为28.30%。

    进而对3个试验地点的选优结果进行比较发现:B34、B15家系在3个地点均入选为优良家系,说明这2个家系在各试验地不仅生长表现较为优异,而且生长稳定性也良好,是参试家系中的最优家系。另外,入选的优良家系中有些家系仅在2个地点表现良好,如在朗乡与吉林2试验点生长良好的是B5、B19和B33家系;在帽儿山与吉林2试验点均表现较好的是B16、B42和B44家系;在朗乡与帽儿山2试验点表现较好的是B45家系,说明这些家系虽然生长表现优良,但适应能力略低于B34、B15这2个最优家系。其余优良家系仅在其所入选地点内表现优良,说明这些家系由于基因型与环境交互作用的差异而导致的适应范围各有不同,所以仅在适宜其生长的地点表现良好。

    参试的53个白桦家系在各试验点平均保存率不尽相同(表 5)。3个地点中吉林试验点的各家系保存率最好,53个家系保存率均值为69.75%,有12个家系的保存率大于80.00%,其中B9家系保存率高达96.67%,B8家系保存率最低,仅为43.33%;帽儿山试验点53个家系保存率均值为60.40%,其中保存率最高的是B14家系,为94.29%, 保存率最低的是B3家系,仅为38.57%;朗乡试验点参试家系保存率均值为54.34%,B35和B25家系的保存率最高,为90.00%,B4、B50等2个家系次之,其他49个家系的保存率均在80.00%以下,B53、B51家系保存率最低,仅为23.33%。

    表  5  各试验地点参试家系保存率
    Table  5.  Preservation rate for the tested families at different sites
    参试家系
    Tested family
    保存率Preservation rate/% 3个地点保存率均值
    Average preservation rate at three sites/%
    朗乡
    Langxiang
    帽儿山
    Maoershan
    吉林
    Jilin
    B1 40.00 55.71 63.33 53.01
    B2 30.00 61.43 60.00 50.48
    B3 66.67 38.57 46.67 50.64
    B4 83.33 51.43 83.33 72.70
    B5 73.33 45.71 76.67 65.24
    B6 56.67 58.57 53.33 56.19
    B7 33.33 62.86 70.00 55.40
    B8 63.33 62.86 43.33 56.51
    B9 40.00 50.00 96.67 62.22
    B10 60.00 65.71 73.33 66.35
    B11 26.67 62.86 76.67 55.40
    B12 70.00 68.57 80.00 72.86
    B13 66.67 68.57 83.33 72.86
    B14 43.33 94.29 53.33 63.65
    B15 30.00 50.00 53.33 44.44
    B16 50.00 65.71 70.00 61.90
    B17 40.00 65.71 76.67 60.79
    B18 70.00 60.00 76.67 68.89
    B19 76.67 51.43 63.33 63.81
    B20 76.67 65.71 76.67 73.02
    B21 73.33 61.43 66.67 67.14
    B22 56.67 64.29 73.33 64.76
    B23 33.33 54.29 90.00 59.21
    B24 50.00 57.14 66.67 57.94
    B25 90.00 55.71 76.67 74.13
    B26 50.00 57.14 50.00 52.38
    B27 50.00 60.00 70.00 60.00
    B28 30.00 57.14 70.00 52.38
    B29 36.67 70.00 70.00 58.89
    B30 53.33 71.43 86.67 70.48
    B31 36.67 65.71 60.00 54.13
    B32 56.67 67.14 80.00 67.94
    B33 63.33 54.29 76.67 64.76
    B34 56.67 60.00 73.33 63.33
    B35 90.00 67.14 66.67 74.60
    B36 53.33 61.43 83.33 66.03
    B37 53.33 68.57 76.67 66.19
    B38 46.67 44.29 50.00 46.99
    B39 63.33 50.00 60.00 57.78
    B40 66.67 75.71 83.33 75.24
    B41 70.00 70.00 80.00 73.33
    B42 40.00 71.43 86.67 66.03
    B43 70.00 70.00 76.67 72.22
    B44 36.67 61.43 80.00 59.37
    B45 60.00 58.57 46.67 55.08
    B46 66.67 64.29 76.67 69.21
    B47 53.33 44.29 70.00 55.87
    B48 63.33 62.86 73.33 66.51
    B49 46.67 40.00 60.00 48.89
    B50 86.67 55.71 60.00 67.46
    B51 23.33 60.00 76.67 53.33
    B52 33.33 57.14 56.67 49.05
    B53 23.33 57.14 46.67 42.38
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    上述针对各试验点各家系间的树高、胸径和单株材积等3个性状单独进行了方差分析、多重比较及各试验点的优良家系初步筛选。但优良家系的评定往往应考虑多个地点的综合表现,考虑到材积是公认的反映立地质量的林木生长主要性状,并且是能够综合体现树高性状与胸径性状的高低最直接的指标。因此,在本研究中选择BLUP模型利用各家系在3个试验点的单株材积数据进行育种值估算,进而进行家系的评价和选择(表 6)。

    表  6  参试家系材积性状育种值
    Table  6.  Breeding value for volume of birch families
    综合排名
    Comprehensive ranking
    家系
    Family
    育种值
    Breeding value
    标准误
    Standard error
    1 B34 0.009487 0.408866
    2 B15 0.008838 0.400508
    3 B28 0.007473 0.404450
    4 B16 0.006786 0.408455
    5 B51 0.005843 0.403728
    6 B40 0.005191 0.411808
    7 B42 0.005067 0.408921
    8 B45 0.004931 0.406538
    9 B48 0.003846 0.409883
    10 B35 0.003845 0.411074
    11 B19 0.002876 0.408067
    12 B31 0.002838 0.405394
    13 B5 0.002812 0.409427
    14 B43 0.002792 0.411366
    15 B14 0.002778 0.410816
    16 B44 0.002584 0.407243
    17 B36 0.002060 0.409832
    18 B29 0.001729 0.407011
    19 B33 0.001726 0.409499
    20 B11 0.001424 0.404868
    21 B37 0.001349 0.409699
    22 B17 0.001340 0.407742
    23 B30 0.001311 0.410246
    24 B18 0.001297 0.410728
    25 B10 0.001276 0.409895
    26 B50 0.001214 0.409561
    27 B41 0.000381 0.411618
    28 B3 0.000183 0.403408
    29 B26 0.000130 0.405231
    30 B13 -0.000096 0.410798
    31 B53 -0.000154 0.399256
    32 B1 -0.000505 0.405265
    33 B46 -0.001507 0.410566
    34 B25 -0.001666 0.411684
    35 B39 -0.001780 0.407691
    36 B12 -0.002024 0.411479
    37 B22 -0.002113 0.409472
    38 B23 -0.002169 0.405577
    39 B27 -0.002352 0.407904
    40 B32 -0.003134 0.410325
    41 B24 -0.003471 0.407761
    42 B49 -0.003577 0.402874
    43 B21 -0.004966 0.409794
    44 B20 -0.005170 0.411443
    45 B7 -0.005506 0.405812
    46 B38 -0.005755 0.403724
    47 B6 -0.005835 0.406911
    48 B9 -0.005966 0.407067
    49 B4 -0.005967 0.410607
    50 B2 -0.006776 0.403709
    51 B47 -0.007239 0.407103
    52 B52 -0.007793 0.403611
    53 B8 -0.007885 0.406856
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    由育种值的结果可以看出,与前文多重比较选择的结果基本一致,综合排名在第1位的是B34家系,第2位的是B15家系,B28、B16、B51、B40、B42、B45、B48、B35、B19等家系次之。若以20.00%入选率为选择标准,则以上排名前11位的家系入选为优良家系,入选的优良家系材积均值分别较朗乡、帽儿山和吉林等3个地点的参试家系均值高8.29%、9.80%和13.60%,材积性状在3个地点的遗传增益分别为3.23%、7.16%和8.84%。

    研究基因型与环境交互作用效应对林木遗传改良具有重要意义[12-13]。对3个参试地点的白桦家系生长性状遗传变异分析显示,位于小兴安岭朗乡试验点参试的白桦家系生长量明显低于另外2个试验点,但各性状的变异系数却普遍偏高。这与该试验点所处的地理位置以及特殊的气候环境密切相关,朗乡试验点位于纬度较高的小兴安岭地区,无霜期短,年均温与≥10℃年积温均较低,而参试的大部分家系原产地均处于纬度较低的张广才岭与长白山地区,原产地与造林地环境差异较大,导致参试白桦家系间产生较大分化,有部分家系生长较好,而大多数家系则长势较弱。从而导致了在朗乡试验点定植的家系各性状生长量较低,并且变异系数较高。但这也为抗逆性家系的选择提供了可能,在较恶劣环境条件下依然能保持稳定的生产力以及较高保存率的家系必然是首选,如B5、B19等家系在朗乡试验点生长性状均排在前列并且保存率均高于70.00%。另外2个试验点环境条件虽较朗乡试验点优越但家系生长依然各有差异,因此,分别依据参试家系在各试验点的生长表现,利用多重比较的结果在各试验点内进行了优良家系的初选。

    早期选择可靠性及选择年龄的确定等问题一直以来都备受国内外同行关注。但是,越来越多的试验分析表明林木早期选择具有较高的可信度。如油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、马尾松(P. massoniana)等树种的育种实践证明对生长期达1/4~1/2轮伐期的林分即可进行早期选择,并且早期选择的效率更高[14]。白桦人工林的主伐年龄为31~41年生[15],本项研究所选取的对象为12年生白桦半同胞家系子代测定林,其林龄已达1/3轮伐期,因此,对其进行早期选择应该具有较高准确性。

    对于多点造林试验,由于待测群体数量庞大,加之各造林点间的地理气候环境不尽相同,试验林的保存率也各不相同,导致观测数据复杂多样,给遗传评价和选择带来相当难度[16-17]。而育种值的估算恰恰能克服这一问题,它能体现表型值中遗传效应的加性效应部分,对群体规模大、结构复杂的不平衡数据进行统计分析时,能有效地剔除各种非遗传因素的影响,因而具有较高的选择准确性,已被广泛应用于马尾松、火炬松(Pinus taeda)、尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)等多个树种的选择中,是一种较理想的综合评价方法[18-20]。本研究采用BLUP最佳线性无偏预测模型参试家系进行多地点材积育种值估算,依据育种值高低对参试家系进行综合评价,以20.00%入选率为标准选择育种值排名前11位的家系为优良家系。同时,基于各地点白桦半同胞子代测定林生长表现分析结果,建议种子园改建时B34和B15这2个家系的采种母树为首选保留母树,B28、B16、B51、B40、B42、B45、B48、B35、B19这9个家系的采种母树为备选母树。

  • 图  1   线虫虫体低倍观察结果

    A.对照(Bar=100 μm);B.处理3天后的线虫(Bar=200 μm)。

    Figure  1.   Ultrastructure observation of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus at low magnification

    A, normal Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Bar = 100 μm); B, 3 days treated Bursaphelenchus xylophilus by Sr18(Bar = 200 μm).

    图  2   处理后线虫体表SEM观察结果

    A.处理1天后线虫体表出现孔洞(Bar=4 μm);B.放大后的孔洞(Bar=1 μm);C.处理3天后内溶物由孔洞溢出(←)(Bar=1 μm)。

    Figure  2.   Ultrastructure observation of the Bursaphelenchus xylophilu's body surface at high magnification

    A, holes on body surface of nematode treated 1 day by Sr18(Bar=4 μm); B, magnifying hole on body surface(Bar=1 μm); C, dissolved substance inside the cell flew out from the holes after 3 days treated(Bar=1 μm).

    图  3   线虫头部SEM观察结果

    A.对照线虫头部及体壁的细菌(Bar=20 μm);B.对照线虫头部(Bar=3 μm);C.处理3天后萎缩的线虫头部(Bar=1 μm)。

    Figure  3.   Ultrastructure observation of the Bursaphelenchus xylophilu's head at high magnification

    A, head and bacteria on body wall of normal nematode(Bar=20 μm); B, head of normal nematode(Bar=3 μm); C, shrinking head of nematode treated 3 days by Sr18(Bar=1 μm).

    图  4   线虫尾部SEM观察结果

    A.对照线虫尾部及交合刺(Bar=20 μm);B.处理2天后线虫尾部缢缩,肿胀物形成(Bar=20 μm);C.肿胀物(Bar=5 μm)。

    Figure  4.   Ultrastructure observation of the Bursaphelenchus xylophilu's tail at high magnification

    A, tail and spicule of normal nematode(Bar=20 μm); B, shrinking tail and swellings of nematode treated 2 days by Sr18(Bar=20 μm); C, magnifying swelling on body surface(Bar=5 μm).

    图  5   线虫内部结构透射电镜(TEM)观察结果

    A.对照线虫肌纤维(M)及线粒体(MI)(Bar=500 nm);B.正常的细胞核(n)(Bar=500 nm);C.处理1天后的细胞核(n)及内质网(ER)(Bar=500 nm);D.处理2天后的体壁(↘)及细胞损伤(Bar=500 nm);E.处理3天后体壁分离(Bar=2 μm);F.处理3天后体壁分离后组织细胞结构消失(Bar=2 μm)。

    Figure  5.   Ultrastructure observation of the Bursaphelenchus xylophilu's internal structure at high magnification

    A, muscle fiber and mitochondria of normal nematode(Bar=500 nm); B, cell nucleus of normal nematode(Bar=500 nm); C, damaged cell nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum of nematode treated 1 day by Sr18(Bar=500 nm); D, swellings on body wall and cellular damage of nematode treated 2 days by Sr18(Bar=500 nm); E, separation of cuticle and coelom of nematode treated 3 days by Sr18 (Bar=2 μm); F, disappearance of tissue and cell structure after separation of nematode treated 3 days by Sr18 (Bar=2 μm).

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    ZHENG Y L, WANG C D, WANG T. Research advances on chemosensory behaviors of nematodes[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2016, 47(5): 857-863. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/xmsyxb201605001

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  • 收稿日期:  2017-02-21
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