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文冠果不同果型种实性状的概率分布与选择

汪子洋, 黄炎子, 王俊杰, 周祎鸣, 王青, 于震, 关文彬

汪子洋, 黄炎子, 王俊杰, 周祎鸣, 王青, 于震, 关文彬. 文冠果不同果型种实性状的概率分布与选择[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2017, 39(9): 17-31. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.20170162
引用本文: 汪子洋, 黄炎子, 王俊杰, 周祎鸣, 王青, 于震, 关文彬. 文冠果不同果型种实性状的概率分布与选择[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2017, 39(9): 17-31. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.20170162
WANG Zi-yang, HUANG Yan-zi, WANG Jun-jie, ZHOU Yi-ming, WANG Qing, YU Zhen, GUAN Wen-bin. Probability distribution and selection of seed and fruit traits of different fruit types of Xanthoceras sorbifolium[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2017, 39(9): 17-31. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.20170162
Citation: WANG Zi-yang, HUANG Yan-zi, WANG Jun-jie, ZHOU Yi-ming, WANG Qing, YU Zhen, GUAN Wen-bin. Probability distribution and selection of seed and fruit traits of different fruit types of Xanthoceras sorbifolium[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2017, 39(9): 17-31. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.20170162

文冠果不同果型种实性状的概率分布与选择

基金项目: 

文冠果植物新品种测试指南及已知品种数据库项目 2014009

详细信息
    作者简介:

    汪子洋。主要研究方向:生物多样性保护与利用。Email :782813968@qq.com  地址: 100083北京市海淀区清华东路35号北京林业大学自然保护区学院

    责任作者:

    关文彬,教授。主要研究方向:生物多样性保护与利用。Email: swlab@bjfu.edu.cn  地址:同上

  • 中图分类号: S718.54

Probability distribution and selection of seed and fruit traits of different fruit types of Xanthoceras sorbifolium

  • 摘要: 文冠果是无患子科单属种,其种群野生濒危,生境破碎化严重且具有自交不亲和性。文冠果有“千花一果”之称,为提高其产量,测量了4年生文冠果实生园1 051个单株的坐果序数、坐果数、果实质量、种子质量、壳质量、平均单粒质量共6个种实性状并对各种实性状按不同果型进行了单因素方差分析和分布拟合。结果表明:不同果型之间果实质量、种子质量、壳质量、平均单粒质量4个种实性状之间差异极显著,而坐果序数和坐果数2个种实性状之间差异不显著。所有种实性状均符合威布尔分布,其中果实质量、种子质量、壳质量、坐果序数和坐果数5个种实性状均符合左偏威布尔分布,说明丰产是个“小概率”事件;平均单粒质量近似正态分布,说明实验园整体种子大小较为稳定,极大值与极小值的出现概率均比较低。基于威布尔概率分布建立了早期性状选择的模型,模型预测大桃型、倒卵型、尖柱型、凸桃型、短桃型、柱型在种子质量和平均单粒质量上选择概率均比较高,可作为丰产果型,其中大桃型为丰产的最理想果型;小柱型、小桃型和短柱型的种子质量和平均单粒质量的选择概率较低,不适合作为丰产选优果型。因此可根据该分布的特性对不同果型进行选择,为进一步的育种选优提供理论支持。
    Abstract: Xanthoceras sorbifolium is the only species in this genus that wild-endangered in China, which may due to self-incompatible and habitat destruction severely. The paper aims to improve the yield since it was widely known as "a tree of thousand flower but one fruit". Six phenotypes for 1 051 individual trees in four-year-old seed orchard were measured in this study, including fruit number, infructescence number with fruit setting, fruit mass, seed mass, shell mass and average single grain mass. ANOVA analysis and distribution fitting based on different fruit types were carried out in all the traits. Results showed that there were significant differences in varied fruit type seeds and fruit traits, including fruit mass, seed mass, shell mass and average single grain mass, but not in the infructescence number and fruit number. All the seed and fruit traits were in accordance with Weibull distribution, the fruit mass, seed mass, shell mass, infructescence number and fruit number were in accordance with the left partial Weibull distribution, indicating that high yield was a "small probability" event; the average single grain mass was similar to the normal distribution, indicating that the seed size in the whole plantation was relative stable, the frequency of maximum and minimum probability was relatively low. The model of early trait selection was established based on Weibull probability distribution, indicating that big peach type, inverted egg type, pointed pillar type, convex peach type, short peach type and pillar type were higher in seed mass and average single grain mass, which can be used as high-yield fruit type, and the big peach type was the most ideal fruit type of high yield. Small pillar type, small peach type and short pillar type selection probability in seed mass and average single-grain mass were much lower, which was not suitable as a high yield fruit selection. Hence, the characteristics of the Weibull distribution can provide support for selecting excellent fruit types and further theory support of breeding selection.
  • 多倍体育种是杨树(Populus spp.)遗传改良的重要途径。‘三毛杨’(P. tomentosa ‘Sanmaoyang’)、‘中林46’(P. × euramericana ‘Zhonglin-46’)、‘银中杨’(P. alba × P. berolinensis ‘Yinzhong’)、‘北林雄株1号’(P. × ‘Beilinxiongzhu 1’)、‘中怀1号’(P. × ‘Zhonghuai 1’)等三倍体品种均在我国林业生产中广泛利用[1-5],对推动我国林业产业升级、改善生态环境做出了重要贡献。为了指导林木多倍体品种选育,朱之悌[6]曾提出了“大群体,强选择”的育种策略,认为多倍体育种同样要基于大群体,依据主要目标性状对多倍体种质进行选择,经过遗传测定,才能形成表现优良的新品种。因此,在杨树多倍体品种选育过程中,对性状变异规律进行遗传分析十分必要。

    就杨树多倍体育种而言,基于2n配子的有性多倍化途径综合了杂合效应和倍性效应,提供了更加丰富的遗传变异[7]。植物生长通过叶片的光合作用产生物质和能量[8],叶片大小和形状影响植物的气体交换和蒸腾作用[9],有关植物叶片和气孔性状的研究可间接反映植物的植物生长发育及生理代谢特征[10]。Liao等[11]分析了‘哲引3号杨’ × ‘北京杨’全同胞杂种三倍体和二倍体的苗期表型,发现三倍体群体整体具有生长和光合优势,其中也存在一些光合效率高但生长较差的个体和光合效率低但生长较好的个体,可见,异源三倍体杨树的性状变异规律非常复杂。已有研究表明,雌雄异株植物在叶面积、生长势、生物量等方面存在差异[12],性状表现也会受到性别的影响。然而,关于叶片及气孔性状的研究多集中在苗期植株的分析,尚缺少对于节间生长缓慢且已进入开花成熟期的杨树枝条上的短枝功能叶片及气孔性状的变异规律的研究,且对于异源三倍体杨树,性别效应对性状表现产生的影响尚不明确。因此,为进一步丰富杨树三倍体叶片及气孔性状的遗传变异特征,本研究以‘哲引3号杨’ × ‘北京杨’全同胞杂种二倍体和三倍体的10年生种质保存林为材料,对其大树短枝功能叶片及气孔性状变异规律进行系统研究,解析倍性、基因型和性别效应对叶片及气孔性状变异的影响大小,为杨树三倍体育种提供理论依据。

    试验材料采集自河北威县的‘哲引3号杨’ × ‘北京杨’全同胞杂种二倍体和三倍体种质保存林,4株小区,3次重复,树龄10年,其中包括二倍体无性系17个(雌株7个,编号为D9、D24、D25、D34、D44、D45、D52;雄株10个,编号为D2、D3、D4、D11、D14、D20、D21、D38、D41、D43),三倍体无性系19个(雌株9个,编号为T6、T12、T15、T16、T19、T23、T26、T32、T40;雄株10个,编号为T13、T18、T22、T27、T30、T31、T33、T36、T37、T42)。每个无性系从每小区的4株中随机选择1株作为采样树,共3次重复,采集位于树冠中部北侧的无病虫害短枝功能叶片进行叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶面积、叶柄长度、叶缘锯齿数、气孔长度、气孔宽度、气孔密度等性状测量。

    每株采样树随机选取30片形态完整的短枝叶片,每个无性系重复3株采样树,用CI-203便携式激光叶面积仪(美国CID)测量叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶面积和叶柄长度,并对叶缘锯齿数进行统计。

    每株采样树随机选取5片形态完整的短枝叶片,每个无性系重复3株采样树,采用指甲油涂抹撕取法进行气孔性状观察[13]。每个叶片随机选择50个处于关闭状态的气孔,于Olympus BX51显微镜下测量气孔长度和气孔宽度;随机选择10个视野统计气孔密度。

    利用Excel整理数据,由于各性状数据均不满足正态分布或方差齐次,应用SPSS 17.0软件的非参数Kruskal−Wallis检验进行差异显著性分析。应用R语言对各性状进行Spearman相关分析和方差贡献率的计算,将方差分量的剩余项视为环境效应。

    无性系重复力(R)计算公式:

    R=σc2/(σc2+σe2/k)

    式中:σc2为无性系方差,σe2为随机误差,k为每个无性系采集样本数的调和平均值[14]

    青黑杨全同胞杂种植株短枝叶片及气孔各性状在无性系之间均存在极显著差异(表1)。无性系之间叶片性状变异较大,变异系数介于14.23% ~ 27.20%之间,其中锯齿数变异系数最高,叶片宽度变异系数最小;气孔性状变异系数在8.73% ~ 32.73%之间,其中气孔密度变异系数最高,气孔宽度变异系数最低,表明叶片宽度和气孔宽度是所测性状中较稳定的遗传特征。

    表  1  ‘哲引3号杨’ × ‘北京杨’杂种二倍体和三倍体叶片及气孔性状无性系重复力及变异系数
    Table  1.  Repeatability and variation coefficients of leaves and stomatal traits of (P. pseudo-simonii × P. nigra ‘Zheyin3#’) × P. × beijingensis
    性状 Trait二倍体 Diploid三倍体 TriploidPP value无性系重复力 Repeatability of clone变异系数 CV/%
    变化范围
    Variation range
    均值 ± 标准误 Mean ± SE变化范围
    Variation range
    均值 ± 标准误 Mean ± SE倍性 Ploidy性别Gender基因型Genotype
    叶片长度
    Leaf length/cm
    6.26 ~ 9.35 7.52 ± 0.14 6.59 ~ 10.51 8.65 ± 0.18 < 0.01 0.86 < 0.01 0.903 15.23
    叶片宽度
    Leaf width/cm
    4.83 ~ 7.48 6.05 ± 0.13 5.45 ~ 7.92 6.85 ± 0.11 < 0.01 0.33 < 0.01 0.836 14.23
    叶面积
    Leaf area/cm2
    17.76 ~ 39.92 27.32 ± 0.97 21.61 ~ 41.97 33.41 ± 1.09 < 0.01 0.72 < 0.01 0.789 25.32
    叶柄长度
    Petiole length/cm
    3.32 ~ 5.33 4.35 ± 0.10 3.28 ~ 5.95 4.48 ± 0.12 0.41 0.29 < 0.01 0.829 16.95
    锯齿数
    Serration number
    19 ~ 74 42.1 ± 2.0 30 ~ 55 38.4 ± 1.1 0.10 0.34 < 0.01 0.924 27.20
    气孔长度
    Stomatal length/μm
    20.67 ~ 28.29 23.58 ± 0.30 24.08 ~ 30.66 27.59 ± 0.30 < 0.01 0.79 < 0.01 0.954 11.13
    气孔宽度
    Stomatal width/μm
    12.82 ~ 16.17 14.53 ± 0.14 14.15 ~ 17.66 16.27 ± 0.16 < 0.01 0.28 < 0.01 0.952 8.73
    气孔密度/(个·mm−2)
    Stomatal density/
    (number·mm−2)
    87 ~ 279 188.6 ± 8.1 95 ~ 191 128.5 ± 3.8 < 0.01 0.06 < 0.01 0.947 32.73
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    重复力作为一个重要的遗传参数,反映了无性系优良性状受特殊环境影响的程度[15],其大小还表明了性状稳定性的高低[16]。本研究中,叶片性状无性系重复力介于0.789 ~ 0.924之间,气孔性状无性系重复力介于0.947 ~ 0.960之间,气孔性状的遗传效应略大于叶片性状。可见,青黑杨全同胞杂种植株叶片和气孔性状受到强度的遗传控制,环境影响较小,有利于无性系的评价选择,更利于较为准确地解析各效应对性状变异的影响。

    不同倍性群体间比较,三倍体植株平均叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶面积均显著大于二倍体植株,呈现出一定的巨大性特征(表1图1ab);而叶柄长度和锯齿数性状则无显著差异(表1)。在不同性别间,尽管雄株的叶片宽度、叶面积和叶柄长度比雌株分别大3.14%、2.02%和3.70%,叶片长度和锯齿数分别小1.10%和1.97%,但是这些叶片性状在雌、雄株之间并未呈现显著差异。

    图  1  ‘哲引3号杨’ × ‘北京杨’杂种全同胞二倍体和三倍体植株叶片和气孔
    a. 二倍体D44叶片;b. 三倍体T22叶片;c. 二倍体植株气孔密度和气孔大小D44;d. 三倍体植株气孔密度和气孔大小T22。 a, a leaf from diploid D44; b, a leaf from triploid T22; c, stomata density and stomatal size of diploid D44; d, stomata density and stomatal size of triploid T22.
    Figure  1.  Leaves and stomata of diploid and triploid plants of (P. pseudo-simonii × P. nigra ‘Zheyin3#’) × P. × beijingensis

    从叶片各性状相关分析可知(图2),叶面积与叶片长度、叶片宽度呈极显著的正相关,分别达0.86和0.94;叶柄长度与叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶面积之间呈显著弱正相关,与锯齿数相关关系不显著;锯齿数与叶片宽度、叶面积呈显著弱正相关,与叶片长度的相关关系不显著。进一步分析发现(表2),叶片长度、叶片宽度和叶面积与倍性水平呈极显著的正相关(r分别为0.44、0.43、0.38,P < 0.01),叶柄长度和锯齿数与倍性水平之间无显著相关性(分别为r = 0.09,P = 0.41和r = −0.17,P = 0.10),而性别与叶片性状之间均没有显著的相关性(P > 0.05)。

    图  2  叶片和气孔性状的Spearman相关分析
    ***分别表示在P < 0.05 和P < 0.01水平上差异显著。*, ** represent significant difference at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 level, respectively.
    Figure  2.  Spearman correlation analysis of leaves and stomatal traits
    表  2  叶片及气孔性状与倍性、性别的相关性分析
    Table  2.  Correlation analysis of leaves and stomatal traits with ploidy and gender
    项目
    Item
    叶片长度
    Leaf length
    叶片宽度
    Leaf width
    叶面积
    Leaf area
    叶柄长度
    Petiole length
    锯齿数
    Serration number
    气孔长度
    Stomatal length
    气孔宽度
    Stomatal width
    气孔密度
    Stomatal density
    倍性 Ploidy rr value 0.44 0.43 0.38 0.09 −0.17 0.72 0.65 −0.60
    PP value < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.41 0.10 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01
    性别 Gender rr value −0.02 0.10 0.04 0.11 −0.10 0.03 −0.11 0.20
    PP value 0.86 0.33 0.72 0.29 0.34 0.80 0.28 0.06
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    三倍体植株的平均气孔长度和气孔宽度均极显著大于二倍体,而平均气孔密度极显著小于二倍体(表1图1cd)。在不同性别间比较发现,雄株群体的平均气孔长度和气孔密度均大于雌株,气孔宽度小于雌株,但是均为呈现显著差异。

    从气孔各性状的相关分析可知(图2),气孔长度与气孔宽度呈极显著的正相关,达0.89,气孔密度与气孔长度和气孔宽度呈极显著的负相关,分别为−0.84和−0.76。进一步分析发现(表2),气孔长度和气孔宽度与倍性水平间均呈极显著正相关(r分别为0.72和0.65,P < 0.01),气孔密度与倍性水平呈极显著负相关(r = −0.60,P < 0.01),而性别与气孔性状之间均没有显著的相关性(P > 0.05),表明气孔性状与倍性水平密切相关,可作为鉴定杨树多倍体的有效指标。

    为深入解析倍性、性别和基因型效应对各性状表现的影响程度,计算各效应的方差分量及方差贡献率后发现(图3),气孔性状的变异主要来源于倍性效应,其次是基因型效应和环境效应。其中,气孔长度的倍性效应方差分量在表型总变异中所占比例高达63.79%,其次是气孔宽度的57.05%,气孔密度的47.10%,表明这些性状受倍性水平的影响最大;叶片性状变异的主要来源于基因型效应,其中,锯齿数变异的基因型效应方差贡献率最高,达80.72%,其次是叶柄长度变异的基因型效应为61.66%,表明叶片性状主要受基因型的影响。性别效应对叶片及气孔性状的影响均很小,其中,性别效应对气孔密度的方差贡献率仅为0.06%,对锯齿数和叶柄长度变异的方差贡献率甚至均为0。

    图  3  各效应方差贡献率
    Figure  3.  Variance contribution rates of each effect

    多倍化是植物进化和适应性改变的重要力量[17-18]。由于基因组剂量的增加所带来的倍性效应往往导致多倍体植物产生广泛的性状变异[19-20]。同源四倍体苏丹凤仙花(Impatiens walleriana)在叶面积、叶片厚度、子房宽度、花粉粒长度和气孔大小等性状上增加,花瓣总花青素含量较高,而株高、气孔保卫细胞密度和花数减少[21]。滇杨(P. yunnanensis)同源四倍体和嵌合体的苗期长枝叶分析发现,与叶片长度、宽度和气孔性状大于二倍体,而气孔密度则显著小于二倍体[22]。本研究发现青黑杨杂种的叶柄长度和锯齿数变异受倍性效应影响较小,而三倍体植株平均叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶面积、气孔长度和气孔宽度均极显著大于二倍体,气孔密度则极显著小于二倍体,且气孔性状变异的倍性效应方差贡献率最高,表明倍性效应对短枝叶的性状表现同样产生重要影响。而且,叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶面积、气孔长度和气孔宽度与倍性水平之间均存在极显著正相关性,气孔密度与倍性水平呈极显著负相关,叶柄长度和锯齿数与倍性水平无显著相关性,因此,在倍性检测时可通过叶片大小和气孔性状相结合作为初步鉴定。此外,值得注意的是,本研究测得的气孔长度和气孔宽度大小与王君等[23]测得的数据相比均偏小,可能是由于杨树长枝和短枝叶片的气孔长宽大小存在差异。

    基因型差异也是影响植物性状的重要变异来源。白凤莹等[24]发现,受基因型的影响,不同天然三倍体毛白杨无性系间气孔性状的差异达到了极显著水平,其中存在部分个体表现出类似二倍体的特征。本研究发现,青黑杨全同胞杂种无性系间短枝叶片和气孔各性状均存在极显著差异,其中部分二倍体无性系的叶片和气孔性状表现甚至优于一些三倍体无性系,可见三倍体也并非株株皆优,无性系基因型对性状表现的影响也较大。

    对于雌雄异株植物而言,植株性别会对表型产生一定的影响。相关研究表明,多年生植物雄株在叶片数量及叶面积、生长势、树冠体积、生物量等方面都超过雌株[12, 25]。陈珂等[26]发现成年银杏(Ginkgo biloba)雌株叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶面积显著小于雄株,而叶柄长度和气孔密度显著大于雄株。两年生青杨(P. cathayana)雌株叶片总数显著高于雄株,雌株叶片性状较雄株有优势[27];毛白杨雄株叶片长度和叶面积显著大于雌株,而叶片宽度则无显著差异[28]。本研究中,青黑杨全同胞杂种叶片和气孔性状在雌、雄株之间虽存在一定差异,但均未达显著性水平,性状变异与性别之间也不存在显著相关性,且性别效应方差贡献率几乎为0,说明性别对叶片及气孔性状的影响较小。

    异源多倍化在植物遗传改良和种质创新中发挥着重要作用,特别是利用2n配子杂交的异源多倍化途径,结合了倍性优势和杂种优势,在杨树多倍体育种已取得了极大的成就[29]。Liao等[11]发现,杨树异源三倍体群体苗期整体具有生长和光合优势,但也存在一些光合效率高但生长较差的个体和光合效率低但生长较好的个体。本研究利用一个包含杂种二倍体和三倍体的青黑杨全同胞群体,证明了杨树经历异源多倍化后,倍性效应和基因型效应均对性状变异产生重要影响,而性别对性状变异的贡献相对较小,并初步明确了倍性、基因型和性别效应对功能叶片和气孔性状的贡献大小,为我们进一步开展多倍体性状变异的遗传解析提供了借鉴。显然,在进行杨树三倍体育种时,对大量变异材料进行“大群体,强选择”是进一步品种选育的必要环节,异源三倍体遗传变异的复杂性也为杨树三倍体选育提供了丰富的选择基础。

  • 图  1   不同果型轮廓模拟线

    Figure  1.   Simulated contour lines of different fruit types

    图  2   不同果型种子质量和平均单粒质量的差异

    不同小写字母表示不同果型在P<0.01水平上差异显著。

    Figure  2.   Variations in seed yield and average single grain mass for different fruit types

    Different lowercase letters mean significant difference among different fruit types at P < 0.01 level.

    图  3   种实性状的威布尔分布拟合

    Figure  3.   Weibull distribution fitting of seed and fruit traits

    图  4   种子质量威布尔参数变化趋势

    Figure  4.   Seed mass changing trend of Weibull parameters

    图  5   平均单粒质量威布尔参数变化趋势

    Figure  5.   Changing trend of Weibull parameters of average single grain mass

    图  6   威布尔分布中kzq的关系

    z为曲线在某一点的概率密度;q为选择部分的面积,即其所占的概率。下同。

    Figure  6.   Relationship between k and z and q in Weibull distribution

    z means the probability density of curve at a certain point; q means the area of the chosen part, i. e. the probability. The same below.

    图  7   种子质量和平均单粒质量概率累积分布曲线

    Figure  7.   Probability cumulative distribution curves of seed mass and average single grain mass

    表  1   不同果型文冠果种实性状的均值与标准差

    Table  1   Mean and standard deviation of phenotypic traits of different fruit types of Xanthoceras sorbifolium

    果型
    Fruit type
    株数
    Trees number
    果实质量
    Fruit mass/g
    种子质量
    Seed mass/g
    壳质量
    Shell mass/g
    平均单粒质量
    Average single grain mass/g
    坐果序数
    Infructescence number
    坐果数
    Fruit number
    1308236.322±12.697133.344±7.119102.978±5.670.957±0.0115.94±0.3137.92±0.448
    2133239.394±19.502123.02±10.194116.375±9.8161.037±0.0186.21±0.538.06±0.704
    364336.187±35.192184.276±19.109151.912±16.2861.08±0.0227.17±0.7718.77±0.937
    493323.530±30.358168.866±15.695154.664±15.0731.183±0.0216.74±0.618.76±0.85
    5139318.627±23.551177.091±13.266141.535±10.431.088±0.0167.14±0.508.75±0.629
    638245.275±32.908124.968±17.515120.306±15.6591.245±0.034.29±0.5314.92±0.636
    716221.643±34.755119.288±18.069102.355±17.6041.034±0.0486.31±1.2678.00±2.123
    86227.62±32.911127.383±18.788100.237±15.1311.345±0.0964.83±0.8725.50±1.088
    967269.255±24.992144.764±14.045124.492±11.3151.062±0.0276.25±0.6018.12±0.792
    1021325.828±51.86174.148±28.963151.68±23.6221.183±0.0505.81±0.9257.19±1.032
    1157259.291±30.49134.274±15.947125.018±14.7731.184±0.0275.40±0.5726.54±0.761
    12109336.123±32.861182.877±17.225153.247±16.3151.138±0.0176.94±0.6848.58±0.855
    总体Total1051276.929±7.894150.248±4.279126.681±3.7271.068±0.0076.31±0.1768.04±0.235
    P0.002**0.001**0.001**0.000**0.2150.312
    注:*表示该列内各果型之间在P<0.05水平上差异显著,**表示该列内各果型之间在P<0.01水平上差异显著。Notes: * means significant difference among different fruits at P<0.05 level; ** means significant difference among different fruits at P<0.01 level.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   不同果型种实性状的威布尔分布拟合

    Table  2   Weibull distribution fitting of different fruit types

    果型编号Fruit type No.果实质量Total mass种子质量Seed mass粒数Grain number
    αβR2αβR2αβR2
    11.744 7238.907 30.900 11.609 6139.911 70.923 51.519 9151.782 50.941 9
    21.711 6249.666 70.942 61.729 2130.624 70.923 11.698 6133.602 70.951 9
    31.573 7337.515 30.808 41.460 4213.911 70.775 61.466 3189.655 70.762 2
    41.433 5381.180 70.949 01.469 4194.908 50.969 61.376 5180.380 80.884 5
    51.814321.281 60.923 81.745 8180.106 90.943 61.752 5173.967 80.951 4
    62.346 5225.220 30.917 42.340 5112.779 10.898 92.111 996.160 40.939 5
    91.647 7334.577 30.971 01.505 3182.665 00.919 31.501 0164.926 80.949 3
    111.080 7257.100 00.971 21.107 8131.864 90.974 01.075 4115.099 60.957 8
    121.731 5310.185 30.917 91.732 1161.522 90.898 11.665 0156.194 10.948 7
    果型编号Fruit type No.单粒质量Single grain mass坐果序数Fruit ordinal number坐果数Fruit number
    αβR2αβR2αβR2
    16.291 31.024 50.949 71.577 95.273 10.902 01.688 07.068 40.895 2
    26.526 51.120 40.920 32.465 44.147 50.910 22.200 95.675 50.870 7
    37.225 01.159 50.964 81.348 77.187 10.899 21.632 38.802 80.889 0
    47.455 61.252 00.917 31.626 56.068 50.854 51.539 68.459 90.779 1
    57.892 91.179 90.943 71.594 27.424 70.967 21.743 39.209 80.963 5
    67.058 91.362 70.846 31.760 04.515 30.917 61.802 45.692 60.927 2
    95.378 71.194 00.919 61.609 36.048 70.835 51.675 88.283 60.818 7
    1110.113 11.234 00.811 31.390 15.896 80.905 31.575 66.343 40.914 5
    128.399 11.233 80.977 61.732 85.689 10.932 11.897 76.864 50.925 7
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   种实性状的选择概率与选择强度

    Table  3   Selection of percentage and intensity of yield traits

    q/%果实质量
    Fruit mass
    种子质量
    Seed mass
    平均单粒质量
    Average single grain mass
    壳质量
    Shell mass
    p/gkp/gkp/gkp/gk
    90750.002 1400.004 00.810.821 736.00.004 4
    701560.003 4840.006 30.982.129 073.00.007 4
    502330.004 51270.008 11.103.791 9108.00.009 9
    402750.005 01500.009 01.154.735 0127.00.011 1
    303240.005 51780.010 01.205.857 1148.00.012 5
    203860.006 22130.011 11.267.474 1176.00.014 1
    104780.007 22660.012 81.3410.166 0216.00.016 4
    55600.008 03130.014 11.4012.653 4251.00.018 3
    45850.008 23260.014 51.4213.582 8262.00.018 9
    36160.008 53440.014 91.4414.566 0276.00.019 6
    26570.008 93680.015 61.4615.605 3294.00.020 5
    17250.009 54070.016 61.5118.464 9323.00.022 0
    0.87460.009 74190.016 91.5219.084 1331.00.022 4
    0.67720.009 94350.017 31.5319.719 8343.00.023 0
    0.48090.010 24560.017 81.5521.041 9358.00.023 7
    0.28660.010 74900.018 61.5823.157 2383.00.024 9
    0.19210.011 15220.019 31.6125.439 3407.00.026 1
    注:p为选择值,k为选择强度。下同。Notes: p means selection value, k means selection intensity. The same below.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4   不同果型果实质量的选择概率和选择强度

    Table  4   Selection of percentage and intensity of fruit mass for different fruit types

    q/%小柱型Small pillar type小桃型Small peach type尖柱型Pointed pillar type
    p/gkp/gkp/gk
    90660.002 4680.002 4820.001 8
    701330.004 01380.003 91760.002 8
    501940.005 32030.005 22680.003 6
    402280.006 02380.005 83200.004 0
    302660.006 82790.006 53810.004 4
    203150.007 73310.007 34580.004 9
    103860.008 94070.008 55740.005 6
    54490.010 04750.009 56790.006 2
    44680.010 34950.009 87100.006 3
    34910.010 75210.010 17500.006 5
    25230.011 25550.010 68040.006 8
    15740.012 06100.011 38920.007 2
    q/%大桃型Big peach type短柱型Short pillar type凸桃型Convex peach type
    p/gkp/gkp/gk
    90800.001 8940.001 8870.002 3
    701870.002 71830.003 21460.004 7
    502960.003 22630.004 31930.006 9
    403600.003 53070.004 82180.008 2
    304350.003 83570.005 52450.009 6
    205320.004 24190.006 22770.011 3
    106830.004 75100.007 33220.013 8
    58210.005 05890.008 23600.016 1
    48630.005 26130.008 53720.016 8
    39150.005 36430.008 83850.017 6
    29880.005 56830.009 34040.018 8
    11 1070.005 77470.010 04330.020 6
    q/%倒卵型Inverted egg type短桃型Short peach type柱型Pillar type
    p/gkp/gkp/gk
    90860.002 0330.003 5860.001 9
    701800.003 21000.003 81720.003 2
    502690.004 11840.004 02520.004 2
    403180.004 62380.004 12960.004 7
    303750.005 13060.004 23460.005 3
    204480.005 74000.004 34090.006 0
    105560.006 65570.004 45030.006 9
    56520.007 37110.004 55850.007 8
    46810.007 57590.004 56100.008 0
    37180.007 88220.004 56410.008 3
    27670.008 19090.004 56830.008 7
    18460.008 61 0570.004 67500.009 3
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5   不同果型种子质量的选择概率与选择强度

    Table  5   Selection of percentage and intensity of seed mass for different fruit types

    q/%小柱型Small pillar type小桃型Small peach type尖柱型Pointed pillar type
    p/gkp/gkp/gk
    90360.004 4370.004 6470.003 2
    70750.007 0730.007 71070.004 7
    501120.008 91070.010 21670.005 8
    401340.009 91250.011 42020.006 4
    301580.011 01460.012 82440.006 9
    201890.012 31730.014 52970.007 6
    102360.014 12130.016 93800.008 5
    52780.015 52470.018 84540.009 2
    42900.015 92580.019 44770.009 5
    33060.016 52710.020 15060.009 7
    23270.017 22880.021 05450.010 1
    13620.018 33170.022 56100.010 6
    q/%大桃型Big peach type短柱型Short pillar type凸桃型Convex peach type
    p/gkp/gkp/gk
    90430.003 5510.003 4440.004 7
    70980.005 21010.005 6740.009 6
    501530.006 41470.007 5970.013 8
    401850.007 01720.008 41100.016 3
    302220.007 62010.009 41230.019 0
    202700.008 42380.010 71390.022 4
    103450.009 42910.012 51620.027 6
    54120.010 23390.013 91810.032 0
    44330.010 53530.014 41870.033 5
    34590.010 83710.014 91940.035 2
    24940.011 13940.015 62030.037 4
    15520.011 74330.016 82180.041 1
    q/%倒卵型Inverted egg type短桃型Short peach type柱型Pillar type
    p/gkp/gkp/gk
    90420.003 8180.006 5450.003 5
    70930.005 7530.007 4900.005 9
    501440.007 1960.007 91320.007 8
    401730.007 81230.008 11550.008 8
    302080.008 61570.008 31810.009 9
    202520.009 52040.008 52140.011 2
    103190.010 72810.008 82620.013 0
    53800.011 73560.009 13050.014 5
    43980.011 93800.009 13180.014 9
    34210.012 34100.009 23340.015 5
    24530.012 74520.009 33560.016 2
    15050.013 55240.009 53910.017 4
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  6   不同果型平均单粒质量的选择概率与选择强度

    Table  6   Selection of percentage and intensity of average single grain mass for different fruit types

    q/%小柱型Small pillar type小桃型Small peach type尖柱型Pointed pillar type
    p/gkp/gkp/gk
    900.730.938 70.800.817 70.860.902 1
    700.882.555 00.972.400 81.022.639 7
    500.984.543 71.074.151 41.114.490 7
    401.025.626 91.125.355 81.165.922 4
    301.077.266 21.166.513 11.207.327 1
    201.129.273 11.228.627 01.259.466 8
    101.1812.251 71.2811.272 41.3112.704 3
    51.2315.288 31.3414.548 31.3616.068 7
    41.2415.963 21.3515.163 21.3716.824 2
    31.2617.385 41.3716.456 91.3918.424 8
    21.2818.908 61.3917.839 71.4120.151 2
    11.3222.280 31.4320.891 41.4422.994 4
    q/%大桃型Big peach type短柱型Short pillar type凸桃型Convex peach type
    p/gkp/gkp/gk
    900.940.838 70.900.907 91.000.784 2
    701.102.337 11.052.656 31.192.271 9
    501.204.118 81.144.706 91.303.898 5
    401.255.372 31.185.982 31.365.134 7
    301.296.594 41.227.542 21.416.400 4
    201.348.445 11.269.437 51.478.253 2
    101.4111.760 11.3213.037 91.5410.960 9
    51.4614.750 01.3716.878 61.6013.837 5
    41.4715.419 21.3817.752 91.6214.926 2
    31.4916.834 81.3918.665 51.6416.085 5
    21.5118.358 61.4120.611 71.6617.319 0
    11.5521.758 21.4423.855 21.7020.023 9
    q/%倒卵型Inverted egg type短桃型Short peach type柱型Pillar type
    p/gkp/gkp/gk
    900.800.751 21.000.893 70.950.886 4
    701.002.018 01.122.535 21.102.650 7
    501.133.463 81.204.780 21.194.767 6
    401.194.353 01.235.997 71.236.101 3
    301.255.408 81.278.047 51.277.746 2
    201.316.652 11.309.972 21.3210.330 9
    101.408.917 71.3514.102 51.3713.630 2
    51.4711.058 21.3918.437 71.4217.804 1
    41.4911.737 01.4019.691 71.4318.759 9
    31.5212.815 01.4121.021 11.4419.759 7
    21.5513.967 81.4222.429 71.4621.898 4
    11.6016.065 31.4527.173 71.4925.481 0
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  7   不同果型壳质量的选择概率与选择强度

    Table  7   Selection of percentage and intensity of shell mass for different fruit types

    q/%小柱型Small pillar type小桃型Small peach type尖柱型Pointed pillar type
    p/gkp/gkp/gk
    90410.004 0450.003 7580.003 0
    70870.006 3880.006 41140.005 2
    501300.008 11270.008 61650.006 9
    401540.009 01490.009 81930.007 8
    301830.010 11730.011 02250.008 8
    202180.011 22030.012 52640.010 0
    102720.012 82480.014 73220.011 7
    53200.014 22870.016 53730.013 2
    43350.014 62990.017 03890.013 6
    33530.015 13130.017 64080.014 1
    23780.015 73330.018 54330.014 8
    14180.016 73650.019 94740.015 9
    q/%大桃型Big peach type短柱型Short pillar type凸桃型Cenvex peach type
    p/gkp/gkp/gk
    90560.003 0580.003 1680.003 5
    701160.004 91130.005 41100.007 2
    501730.006 41610.007 31430.010 7
    402040.007 11880.008 31600.012 6
    302400.007 92170.009 41780.014 8
    202860.008 92540.010 72000.017 6
    103540.010 33090.012 72310.021 9
    54150.011 43560.014 32570.025 6
    44330.011 83700.014 72640.026 7
    34560.012 23880.015 32730.028 0
    24870.012 74120.016 12860.030 1
    15370.013 64500.017 43050.033 1
    q/%倒卵型Inverted egg type短桃型Short peach type柱型Pillar type
    p/gkp/gkp/gk
    90610.003 4380.004 0580.003 1
    701070.006 7850.005 91090.005 6
    501440.009 61330.007 31540.007 7
    401640.011 21610.008 11780.008 7
    301860.013 01930.008 82060.010 0
    202120.015 22340.009 72390.011 4
    102490.018 42980.010 92890.013 6
    52810.021 23560.011 83310.015 3
    42910.022 13730.012 13440.015 9
    33020.023 13950.012 53600.016 6
    23180.024 54250.012 93810.017 4
    13420.026 84750.013 64150.018 8
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  • 收稿日期:  2017-05-02
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  • 发布日期:  2017-08-31

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