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    柴媛, 傅峰, 梁善庆. 木基金属功能复合材料研究进展[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2019, 41(3): 151-160. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.20180382
    引用本文: 柴媛, 傅峰, 梁善庆. 木基金属功能复合材料研究进展[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2019, 41(3): 151-160. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.20180382
    Chai Yuan, Fu Feng, Liang Shanqing. Progress of wood based metal functional composites[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2019, 41(3): 151-160. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.20180382
    Citation: Chai Yuan, Fu Feng, Liang Shanqing. Progress of wood based metal functional composites[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2019, 41(3): 151-160. DOI: 10.13332/j.1000-1522.20180382

    木基金属功能复合材料研究进展

    Progress of wood based metal functional composites

    • 摘要: 为弥补木材固有的缺陷,改变木材物理、力学、化学性质和构造特征,对木材功能改性的研究从未间断过,从最初的木材塑合技术、浸渍技术、乙酰化技术、热处理技术、压缩和弯曲技术、漂白和染色技术等,到现在较为先进的微波处理技术,均极大地推动了木材科学的发展。随着对木材基本物化性能研究的逐步深入,新型木基复合材料也应运而生,如木基金属功能复合材料,其赋予木材新的电磁屏蔽、导热和导电等功能。根据木基金属复合材料的功能特性,可将其分为3类:电磁屏蔽木材、金属化木材和浸透型磁性木材。电磁屏蔽木材主要用于有射线辐射空间的地板、棚板、壁板等,其制备方法主要有化学镀金属和胶合金属两种,化学镀金属是通过化学的方法使木材表面金属化,胶合金属是通过胶黏剂将金属材料与木材相结合,这两种方法均能提高木材的电磁屏蔽效能,可以减少电磁辐射对人体的伤害。金属化木材是将低熔点合金以熔融状态浸透到木材细胞中并冷却固化后形成的复合材料,熔融状态的金属以木材导管为载体,使复合材料的压缩强度、硬度、导热性、导电性、耐磨性、冲击韧性等大幅度提高,可作导热木材用于地热采暖领域。浸透型磁性木材是在一定的压力下使磁流体浸透到木材内,从而制得带有磁性的木材,可用在磁记录、记忆、电磁转换、屏蔽、防护、医疗和生物技术、分离纯化等诸多领域。目前,木基金属功能复合材料的研究主要集中在木材表面化学镀上,此种制备方法金属只能覆盖在木材表面,而不能浸透到木材内部。金属化木材可以使金属浸透到木材中,但现有研究所用的基材没有经过处理,金属的渗透性不高,如何改善基材,最大限度发挥金属化木材的优异性能,进一步推动木基金属功能复合材料的应用范围,将是下一步研究的重点。本文对3种不同功能复合材料(电磁屏蔽木材、金属化木材和浸透型磁性木材)的研究现状进行概述,同时提出木基金属功能复合材料现有研究中的不足,并展望金属化木材在更多领域的应用和发展前景。

       

      Abstract: In order to compensate for the inherent defects of wood and change the physical, mechanical, chemical and structural characteristics of wood, the research on the wood functional modification has never been interrupted. All the technologies, including the initial wood-plastic technology, impregnation technology, acetylation technology, heat treatment technology, compression and bending technology, bleaching and dyeing technology, as well as the application of microwave processing technology, have greatly promoted the development of wood science. With the deepening research on the basic physical and chemical properties of wood, new wood-based composite materials have also been applied, such as wood based metal functional composite, which endow the wood new applications, including electromagnetic shielding, heat conduction and electrical conductivity. According to the functional properties of wood based metal functional composites, which can be divided into three categories: electromagnetic shielding wood, metallized wood and impregnated magnetic wood. Electromagnetic shielding wood, mainly used for space with radiation, such as floor, slab and siding, is mainly prepared by electroless metal plating and gluing metal materials. Electroless metal plating is a chemical method for metallizing the surface of wood. Gluing metal is a method of combining metal material with wood by the help of adhesive. The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of wood can be improved, but the damage of electromagnetic radiation to the human body reduced by all methods above. Metallized wood is a composite material formed by impregnating low-melting alloy into wood cell in a melting state, then cooling and solidifying. The melting metal uses a wood conduit as a transmission path to make the composite material compressive strength, hardness, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and resistance. The magnetic fluid was impregnated into the wood under a certain pressure to produce the impregnated magnetic wood, which can be used in magnetic recording, memory, electromagnetic conversion, shielding, protection, medical and biotechnology, separation and purification, and many other areas. At present, the research on wood based metal functional composites mainly focuses on the electroless plating of wood surface, but not penetrate into the interior of wood. The metal can be penetrated into the wood to form metallized wood, but the substrate used in the existing research has not been treated, the permeability of the metal is low. The focus of the next step is how to improve the substrate and then maximize the performance advantages of the metallized wood, as well as further promote the application range of wood based metal functional composite materials. In this paper, the research status of three different functional composite materials (electromagnetic shielding wood, metallized wood and impregnated magnetic wood) was summarized. Meanwhile, we also proposed the shortcomings of wood-based metal functional composites in the existing research, and looked forward to the application and development prospects of metallized wood in more fields.

       

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