Abstract: The research used SSR markers to analyze the genetic diversity of eight natural Quercus liaotungensis populations in Shanxi Province, and the group of Dongling Mountain in Beijing was selected to compare the relationship of geographic distance and genetic distance. The aim is to present a basis for protecting the genetic diversity of Q. liaotungensis. Eleven SSR markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity, and the results were: average number of alleles was 10.272 7, average number of effective number of alleles was 5.185 9, mean expected heterozygosity was 0.753 8, Nei diversity index was 0.752 1, and the Shannon diversity index was 1.754 3. The results proved that the genetic diversity of natural Q.liaotungensis populations was at a higher level.Moreover,the research showed that the majority of genetic variation occurred within populations（95.99%），and only 4.01% occurred among the populations.There was a significant correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance（r=0.752 2，P0.05）.