Plant diversity and its environmental explaination in gobi district of northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, northwestern China
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摘要: 为了揭示青藏高原北部戈壁区植物多样性与环境因子的关系，用38个青藏高原北部戈壁区的群落样方调查数据和环境数据，通过单因素方差分析、CCA分析和方差分解等方法研究了青藏高原北部戈壁区植物多样性及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明：1)共记录植物12科29属36种，以藜科、柽柳科、禾本科和菊科植物为主，红砂分布频率最大，该地区植物生活型主要为灌木和草本；2)该区域不同优势群落外貌特征不同，在植株密度上存在极显著差异(P < 0.01)，在植被盖度上存在显著差异(P < 0.05)，但各群落的物种丰富度和香农指数无明显差异；3)经过CCA分析，年平均降水量显著影响该区域植物物种分布；4)该地区群落结构主要受土壤因子、气候因子、生物因子共同影响，三者的解释率达到51.68%，其中土壤因子的单独解释率最高，达到25.36%，剩余48.91%未解释部分说明还有其他因素影响着该区域植物群落结构。总而言之，青藏高原北部戈壁区植物多样性水平低，群落结构简单，其植物多样性主要受土壤条件的影响。Abstract: In order to explore the relationship between plant diversity and environmental factors in gobi district of northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of northwestern China, the sampling data and environmental data of 38 plant communities in the gobi area of northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were used to study the relationship between plant diversity and environmental factors in this area by one-way ANOVA, CCA analysis, variance decomposition. The results showed that: 1) there were 36 species of 29 genera in 12 families, the main species were Chenopodiaceae, Tamaricaceae, Gramineae and Compositae plants, and the distribution frequency of Reaumuria songarica was the largest. The plant forms grew in this area are mostly shrubs and herbs; 2) The characteristics of different dominant communities in the region were different. There were very significant differences in plant density (P < 0.01) and there were significant differences in vegetation coverage (P < 0.05), but there were not significant differences in species richness and Shannon diversity index in each community. 3) By CCA analysis, the annual precipitation significantly affected the distribution pattern of plant species in the area; 4) The community structure of the area was mainly affected by soil factors, climatic factors and biological factors and the explanatory rate of the above three reached 51.68%, among which, the individual explanatory rate of soil factor was the maximum, reached 25.36%. Since the remaining 48.91% was not explained, it can be presumed that there were other factors affecting the plant community structure in the region. In conclusion, the plant diversity level in the gobi area of the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is low and the community structure is simple. Soil condition is the most important factor influencing plant diversity.
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Keywords:
- Qinghai-Tibet Plateau /
- gobi district /
- plant community /
- environmental explaination
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图 1 青藏高原北部戈壁区优势植物群落数量特征
Ⅰ.合头草群落Sympegma regelii community；Ⅱ.红砂群落Reaumuria songarica community；Ⅲ.芦苇群落Phragmites australis community；Ⅳ.膜果麻黄群落Ephedra przewalskii community；Ⅴ.沙蒿群落Artemisia desertorum community；Ⅵ.宽苞水柏枝群落Myricaria bracteata community；Ⅶ.驼绒藜群落Ceratoides lateens community
Figure 1. Quantitative characteristics of dominant plant communities in gobi district, northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
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图 2 CCA植物物种排序图
图中列出了物种加权值大于10%的优势物种。The figure shows the dominant species whose weighted value is greater than 10%. SOC, soil organic carbon; SS, soil salinity; AP, available phosphorus; AK, available potassium; GSMAX, ground stone maxium size; MAT, mean annual temperature; MAP, mean annual precipitation; MTCM, mean temperature in condest month.
Figure 2. Plant species sorting map of CCA
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图 3 不同环境因子对植物群落影响
圆圈代表各环境因子总的解释力。a、b、c分别表示各环境因子的独立作用; d、e、f、g表示各环境因子之间的协同作用。
Figure 3. Effects of different environmental factors on plant community
Circles represent the total explanatory power of each environmental factor. a, b, c represent the independent role of environmental factors, respectively; d, e, f, g represent the synergism among the various environmental factors.
表 1 青藏高原北部戈壁区植物物种组成(分布频率>5%)
Table 1 Plant species composition in gobi district of northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (distribution frequency> 5%)
科名
Family name属名
Genus name种名
Species name生活型
Life form分布频率
Distribution
frequency/%藜科
Chenopodiaceae虫实属
Corispermum碟果虫实
Corispermum patelliforme一年生草本
Annual herbaceous5.3 合头草属
Sympegma合头草
Sympegma regelii小半灌木
Small half-shrub44.7 梭梭属
Haloxylon梭梭
Haloxylon ammodendron小乔木
Small tree5.3 驼绒藜属
Ceratoides驼绒藜
Ceratoides latens半灌木
Subshrub50.0 雾冰藜属
Bassia雾冰藜
Bassia dasyphylla一年生草本
Annual herbaceous7.9 盐生草属
Halogeton盐生草
Halogeton glomeratus一年生草本
Annual herbaceous7.9 猪毛菜属
Salsola松叶猪毛菜
Salsola laricifolia小灌木
Dwarf shrub23.7 柽柳科
Tamaricaceae柽柳属
Tamarix多枝柽柳
Tamarix ramosissima灌木或小乔木状
Shrub or small tree5.3 红砂属
Reaumuria红砂
Reaumuria songarica小灌木
Dwarf shrub52.6 五柱红砂
Reaumuria kaschgarica半灌木
Subshrub5.3 水柏枝属
Myricaria宽苞水柏枝
Myricaria bracteata灌木
Shrub7.9 禾本科
Gramineae冰草属
Agropyron冰草
Agropyron cristatum多年生草本
Perennial herb7.9 芨芨草属
Achnatherum芨芨草
Achnatherum splendens多年生草本
Perennial herb5.3 芦苇属
Phragmites芦苇
Phragmites australis多年生草本
Perennial herb5.3 菊科
Compositae蒿属
Artemisia沙蒿
Artemisia desertorum多年生草本
Perennial herb7.9 紫菀木属
Asterothamnus紫菀木
Asterothamnus alyssoides半灌木
Subshrub5.3 中亚紫菀木
Asterothamnus centraliasiaticus半灌木
Subshrub5.3 蒺藜科
Zygophyllaceae白刺属
Nitraria白刺
Nitraria tangutorum灌木
Shrub5.3 大白刺
Nitraria roborowskii灌木
Shrub5.3 麻黄科
Ephedraceae麻黄属
Ephedra膜果麻黄
Ephedra przewalskii灌木
Shrub36.8 蓼科
Polygonaceae沙拐枣属
Calligonum沙拐枣
Calligonum mongolicum灌木
Shrub28.9 白花丹科
Plumbaginaceae补血草属
Limonium黄花补血草
Limonium aureum多年生草本
Perennial herb10.5 豆科
Papilionaceae岩黄耆属
Hedysarum红花岩黄耆
Hedysarum multijugum半灌木
Subshrub5.3 茄科
Solanaceae枸杞属
Lycium黑果枸杞
Lycium ruthenicum灌木
Shrub5.3 
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表 2 青藏高原北部戈壁区主要植物群落特征
Table 2 Characteristics of main plant communities in gobi district, Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
群落类型
Community type群落组成及其特征
Community composition and its characteristics驼绒藜群落
Ceratoides lateens
community多分布于戈壁区干旱山坡上, 常与膜果麻黄、红砂、松叶猪毛菜等混生, 植被高度30~50 cm之间
Mostly distributed in the arid hillside gobi district. Mixed with Ephedra przewalskii, Reaumuria songarica, Salsola laricifolia and others. Vegetation height is between 30-50 cm膜果麻黄群落
Ephedra przewalskii
community多分布于干旱山麓、砾石地等, 常与沙拐枣、驼绒藜混生或者单优, 植被高度多在50~100 cm间
Mostly distributed in the arid foothills, gravel ground and so on. Mixed with Calligonum mongolicum and Ceratoides lateens or single community. Vegetation height is between 50-100 cm红砂群落
Reaumuria songarica
community广泛分布于戈壁区, 常与合头草、松叶猪毛菜混生或者单优, 植被高度多在20~50 cm间
Mostly distributed in the gobi district. mixed with Sympegma regelii and Salsola laricifolia or single community. Vegetation height is between 20-50 cm合头草群落
Sympegma regelii
community常分布于干山坡、冲积扇等地, 常与红砂、沙拐枣混合生长, 植被高度多在30~60 cm间
Mostly distributed in the dry slopes, alluvial fan and other places. Mixed with Reaumuria songarica and Calligonum mongolicum. Vegetation height is between 30-60 cm芦苇群落
Phragmites australis
community常分布于江河湖泽等低湿地, 单优群落, 偶见大白刺混生, 植被高度多在60~100 cm间
Mostly distributed in the rivers, lakes and other low wetlands. Single community or mixed with Nitraria roborowskii. Vegetation height is between 60-100 cm沙蒿群落
Artemisia desertorum
community常分布于荒坡、砾石坡地等, 单优群落, 或与驼绒藜、红砂混生, 植被高度多在20~50 cm间
Mostly distributed in the barren slope, gravel slopes and so on. Single community or mixed with Ceratoides lateens and Reaumuria songarica. Vegetation height is between 20-50 cm宽苞水柏枝群落
Myricaria bracteata
community多分布在冲积扇、砾质河滩等地, 单优或与沙蒿、禾本科草本混生, 植被高度多在200~250 cm间
Mostly distributed in the alluvial fan, gravel beach and other places. Single community or mixed with Artemisia desertorum and gramineous herbs. Vegetation height is between 200-250 cm
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