不同抚育间伐方式对蒙古栎次生林空间结构的影响

胡雪凡; 张会儒; 周超凡; 张晓红

doi:10.13332/j.1000-1522.20190037

不同抚育间伐方式对蒙古栎次生林空间结构的影响

中国林业科学研究院资源信息研究所，国家林业局森林经营与生长模拟重点实验室，北京 100091

基金项目: “十三五”国家重点研发计划课题“长白山次生林抚育更新技术研究与示范”（2017YFC0504101）

详细信息

作者简介:
胡雪凡，博士生。主要研究方向：森林可持续经营。Email：hufanzi@163.com　地址：100091北京市海淀区香山路中国林业科学研究院资源信息研究所

责任作者:
张会儒，博士，博士生导师。主要研究方向：森林可持续经营。Email：huiru@ifrit.ac.cn　地址：同上

中图分类号: S753.7
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-01-14
- 修回日期: 2019-03-01
- 网络出版日期: 2019-04-29
- 发布日期: 2019-04-30

Effects of different thinning patterns on the spatial structure of Quercus mongolica secondary forests

Research Institute of Forest Resources Information Techniques, Chinese Acadamy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Management and Growth Modeling, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China

摘要

摘要:
目的以长白山林区蒙古栎次生林为研究对象，分析基于目标树经营与传统经营的抚育间伐前后蒙古栎次生林空间结构主要指标及空间结构综合指数变化，评价不同抚育间伐方式对森林空间结构的影响。
方法在吉林汪清设置9块面积均为1 hm²的蒙古栎次生林样地，随机区组进行3种处理，分别为传统经营（T1）、目标树经营密度1（T2）和目标树经营密度2（T3）。利用混交度、角尺度、大小比数和密集度4个林分空间结构指标，分析间伐前后目标树及林分的空间结构变化，并利用4个指标构建空间结构综合指数（CSSI）来综合评价蒙古栎次生林的空间结构对不同抚育间伐的响应。
结果结果表明，从干扰树间伐对目标树的影响来看，目标树的混交度、大小比数和密集度3个指标的改善明显，角尺度改善不明显；从不同抚育间伐方式对林分空间结构的影响来看，3种处理均提高了林分内种间隔离程度、降低了密集程度，使林分空间分布格局趋向于随机分布，对林木大小分化度的影响不明显；根据CSSI综合评价得知：3种处理均提高了林分的空间结构综合指数，提高幅度为T3 > T2 > T1。
结论干扰树间伐优化了目标树的空间结构，3种处理的抚育间伐均优化了林分的空间结构。基于目标树经营的抚育间伐对空间结构的改善程度优于传统的抚育间伐，T3处理，也即目标树选择密度为100株/hm²时采取的抚育间伐最有利于目标树和林分的空间结构优化。
- 抚育间伐 /
- 目标树经营 /
- 空间结构 /
- 评价指标 /
- 空间结构综合指数
Abstract:
ObjectiveThe effects of different thinning patterns on forest spatial structure were evaluated by analyzing the changes of main indicators of spatial structure and comprehensive spatial structure index of Quercus mongolica secondary forests (oak forest) before and after thinning.
MethodNine permanent plots with an area of 1 ha were established in the oak forest in Wangqing, Jilin Province of northeastern China. Three kinds of treatments were carried out by random grouping, namely traditional management (T1), crop tree management with density 1 (T2) and crop tree management with density 2 (T3). The spatial structure variations of the crop trees and forest stand before and after the cutting operation were analyzed by mingling degree, uniform angle index, neighborhood comparison and crowding degree. The above four indicators were used to construct the comprehensive spatial structure index (CSSI) to comprehensively evaluate the response of oak secondary forest to the management measures.
ResultThe results showed that the mean mingling degree, neighborhood comparison and crowding degree of the crop trees in T2 and T3 were improved after competitors cutting, while the change of mean uniform angle index was not obvious. From the perspective of the effects of different measures on the stand spatial structure, the mean mingling degree, uniform angle index and crowding degree of the target stands were all improved after cutting, while the neighborhood comparison variation was not pronounced. CSSI of all stands was increased by T3 > T2 > T1.
ConclusionThe spatial structure of crop trees was optimized by competitor cutting, and the spatial structure of all stands was optimized by 3 kinds of thinning. The improvement of the spatial structure of the thinning based on the crop tree management is better than the traditional thinning. T3 is most beneficial to the optimization of the spatial structure of the stand.
- thinning /
- target tree management /
- spatial structure /
- evaluation indicator /
- comprehensive spatial structure index

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图 1 采伐前林木分布示意图

Figure 1. Distribution sketch map of trees before thinning

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图 2 林分空间结构综合指数（CSSI）变化情况

Figure 2. Changes of comprehensive index of spatial structure (CSSI)

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表 1 样地基本概况

Table 1 General description of sample plot

样地号 Sample plot No.	海拔 Altitude/m	坡位 Slope position	坡度 Slope gradient/(°)	郁闭度 Canopy density	密度/（株·hm^{− 2}） Stand density/(tree·ha^{− 1})	树种组成 Species composition	处理 Treatment
1	705	中 Middle	8	0.70	766	6蒙1桦1杨1红1其他	T1
2	738	中 Middle	8	0.71	896	4蒙2杨1桦1色1椴1红	T2
3	721	中 Middle	7	0.72	1 038	5蒙2桦1色1杨1椴	T3
4	741	中 Middle	8	0.83	992	4蒙2桦1色1椴1红1其他	T2
5	637	中 Middle	8	0.85	998	5蒙2桦1红1黑1其他	T1
6	635	中 Middle	8	0.88	1 047	5蒙3桦1黑1红	T3
7	677	中 Middle	7	0.90	800	6蒙1黑1胡1水1其他	T1
8	685	中 Middle	7	0.77	929	6蒙2桦1黑1其他	T3
9	703	中 Middle	6	0.87	995	4蒙3桦1杨2其他	T2
注：蒙代表蒙古栎，桦代表白桦，杨代表大青杨，红代表红松，色代表色木槭，椴代表紫椴，落代表长白落叶松，黑代表黑桦，胡代表胡桃楸，水代表水曲柳，其他代表其他树种。Notes: 蒙 stands for Quercus mongolica, 桦 stands for Betula platyphylla, 杨 stands for Populus ussuriensis, 红 stands for Pinus koraiensis, 色 stands for Acer mono, 椴 stands for Tilia tuan, 落 stands for Larix olgensis, 黑 stands for Betula dahurica, 胡 stands for Juglans mandshurica, 水 stands for Fraxinus mandschurica, 其他 stands for other tree species.

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表 2 蒙古栎次生林林分基本信息

Table 2 General information of oak secondary forest

样地号 Sample plot No.	胸径 DBH/cm			树高 Tree height/m			优势平均高 Mean dominant height/m	蓄积 Volume/m³
样地号 Sample plot No.	最小 Min.	平均 Average	最大 Max.	最小 Min.	平均 Average	最大 Max.	优势平均高 Mean dominant height/m	蓄积 Volume/m³
1	5.0	14.6	66.0	2.0	11.0	29.6	22.2	150.72
2	5.0	13.7	59.1	0.5	11.2	24.1	21.5	162.31
3	5.0	13.0	55.7	1.3	10.25	28.5	21.6	172.00
4	5.0	13.6	50.2	1.5	10.9	25.8	21.2	176.10
5	5.0	13.1	50.9	1.5	8.9	22.4	21.5	162.30
6	5.0	12.8	58.5	3.2	11.5	31.1	22.2	173.91
7	5.0	14.3	52.2	1.4	9.8	24.9	21.8	154.45
8	5.0	14.3	70.1	3.1	12.6	24.2	22.9	179.20
9	5.0	14.1	58.2	2.2	11.0	26.5	22.7	186.90
注：采用汪清林业局一元立木材积表^[28]计算单木材积和林分蓄积，选取样地最高的5株林木计算优势高平均值。Notes: volume of wood was calculated by the tree volume table of Wangqing Forestry Bureau, and the mean dominant height was calculated by choosing five highest trees in each sample plot.

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表 3 采伐前后目标树结构单元的各个空间结构指标

Table 3 Spatial structure indexes of target trees before and after thinning

抚育间伐方式 Thinning treatment	类型 Type	M平均值 Mean uniform angle index	W平均值 Mean neighborhood pattern	U平均值 Mean uniform angel index	C平均值 Mean crowding degree
T2	伐前 Before thinning	0.615 5	0.529 2	0.184 0	0.415 1
	伐后 After thinning	0.638 3	0.524 1	0.177 7	0.409 4
T3	伐前 Before thinning	0.509 9	0.533 2	0.226 7	0.407 4
	伐后 After thinning	0.529 7	0.536 0	0.216 7	0.395 3
注：M代表混交度；W代表角尺度；U代表大小比数；C代表密集度；T2代表目标树经营密度1；T3代表目标树经营密度2。下同。Notes: M represents for mingling degree, W represents for uniform angel index, U represents for neighborhood comparison, C represents for crowding degree, T2 represents for target tree management with density 1, T3 represents for target tree management with desity 2. Same as below.

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表 4 不同抚育间伐方式林分采伐前后 ${ M}$ 频率分布及林分平均混交度（ ${\overline M}$ ）

Table 4 M frequency distribution and mean mingling degree of different thinning treatments before and after thinning

抚育间伐方式 Thinning treatment	伐前 Before thinning						伐后 After thinning
	频率分布 Frequency distribution					$\scriptstyle {\overline M}$	频率分布 Frequency distribution					$\scriptstyle {\overline M}$
	0.00	0.25	0.50	0.75	1.00	$\scriptstyle {\overline M}$	0.00	0.25	0.50	0.75	1.00	$\scriptstyle {\overline M}$
T1	0.159 2	0.190 1	0.242 1	0.248 0	0.160 5	0.515 1	0.150 3	0.192 0	0.252 7	0.243 3	0.161 7	0.518 5
T2	0.071 0	0.173 1	0.250 0	0.277 9	0.228 0	0.604 7	0.062 3	0.165 3	0.253 9	0.289 5	0.229 0	0.614 4
T3	0.107 9	0.193 9	0.258 5	0.255 1	0.184 6	0.553 7	0.092 2	0.194 5	0.267 3	0.259 2	0.186 9	0.563 5
注：T1代表传统经营措施。Note: T1 represents for traditional management.

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表 5 不同抚育间伐方式林分采伐前后 ${W}$ 频率分布及林分平均角尺度（ ${\overline W}$ ）

Table 5 W frequency distribution and mean value of stand uniform angel index of different thinning treatments before and after thinning

抚育间伐方式 Tninning treatment	伐前 Before thinning						伐后 After thinning
	频率分布 Frequency distribution					$\scriptstyle {\overline W}$	频率分布 Frequency distribution					$\scriptstyle {\overline W}$
	0.00	0.25	0.50	0.75	1.00	$\scriptstyle {\overline W}$	0.00	0.25	0.50	0.75	1.00	$\scriptstyle {\overline W}$
T1	0.005 9	0.167 8	0.553 3	0.196 1	0.077 0	0.542 6	0.006 7	0.165 1	0.558 6	0.196 8	0.072 8	0.540 9
T2	0.003 6	0.179 9	0.580 9	0.163 7	0.071 9	0.530 1	0.004 2	0.185 0	0.583 6	0.165 3	0.061 8	0.523 9
T3	0.004 9	0.164 2	0.578 2	0.191 4	0.061 2	0.535 0	0.006 1	0.168 0	0.584 5	0.184 3	0.057 0	0.529 5

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表 6 不同抚育间伐方式林分采伐前后 ${U}$ 频率分布及林分平均大小比数（ ${\overline U}$ ）

Table 6 U frequency distribution and mean value of neighborhood comparison of different thinning treatments before and after thinning

抚育间伐方式 Thinning treatment	伐前 Before thinning						伐后 After thinning
	频率分布 Frequency distribution					$\scriptstyle {\overline U}$	频率分布 Frequency distribution					$\scriptstyle {\overline U}$
	0.00	0.25	0.50	0.75	1.00	$\scriptstyle {\overline U}$	0.00	0.25	0.50	0.75	1.00	$\scriptstyle {\overline U}$
T1	0.207 2	0.196 1	0.205 9	0.194 7	0.196 1	0.494 1	0.212 3	0.196 8	0.202 2	0.195 4	0.193 4	0.490 2
T2	0.207 7	0.204 6	0.194 2	0.192 0	0.201 4	0.493 7	0.209 8	0.197 2	0.201 4	0.190 6	0.200 9	0.493 9
T3	0.204 6	0.206 5	0.191 9	0.201 2	0.195 8	0.494 3	0.209 8	0.201 6	0.193 0	0.198 6	0.197 0	0.492 9

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表 7 不同抚育间伐方式林分采伐前后 ${ C}$ 频率分布及林分平均密集度（ ${\overline C}$ ）

Table 7 C frequency distribution and mean value of crowding degree of different thinning treatments before and after thinning

抚育间伐方式 Thinning treatment	伐前 Before thinning						伐后 After thinning
	频率分布 Frequency distribution					$\scriptstyle {\overline C}$	频率分布 Frequency distribution					$\scriptstyle {\overline C}$
	0.00	0.25	0.50	0.75	1.00	$\scriptstyle {\overline C}$	0.00	0.25	0.50	0.75	1.00	$\scriptstyle {\overline C}$
T1	0.059 9	0.138 8	0.166 4	0.221 7	0.413 2	0.338 3	0.063 3	0.140 8	0.175 2	0.217 0	0.403 6	0.336 3
T2	0.021 6	0.072 4	0.141 2	0.216 3	0.548 6	0.391 8	0.023 9	0.078 2	0.158 3	0.221 5	0.518 0	0.389 3
T3	0.018 5	0.074 8	0.163 8	0.221 1	0.521 9	0.384 1	0.021 9	0.080 4	0.183 3	0.235 7	0.478 6	0.378 1

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