Plant diversity of different forestland in the loess region of western Shanxi Province, northern China
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摘要:
目的探索不同林地林下植物多样性特征及其与环境因子的相关性, 为黄土高原地区植被恢复与重建工作提供科学依据。 方法以山西吉县蔡家川流域3种人工林(油松林、刺槐林和油松×刺槐混交林)和2种天然次生林(山杨次生林、辽东栎次生林)为研究对象, 采用标准样地调查法进行植被调查。 结果结果表明:5种林地类型共出现林下植物52种(灌木植物17种, 草本植物35种), 且不同林地类型林下植物物种组成及分布差异较大, 天然次生林的灌木物种数量明显多于人工林, 而草本物种数量却要少于人工林。5种林地类型的灌木层均匀度指数无显著差异, 物种丰富度指数和多样性指数表现为天然次生林>人工林, 而草本层物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数及多样性指数均表现为人工林>天然次生林。环境因素对林下植物多样性的影响较大, 尤其是郁闭度、土壤含水量及毛管孔隙度对林下植物多样性的影响较为显著。 结论不同林地林下植物多样性差异显著, 综合考虑灌木及草本层植物组成及多样性特征, 油松×刺槐混交造林方式优于纯林造林方式, 应该在该地区合理扩大油松×刺槐混交造林的面积; 郁闭度是影响林下植物多样性的主要环境因子, 因此可以通过适当开窗疏林来提高林下植物多样性。 Abstract:ObjectiveThis study aims to provide scientific basis for the restoration and reconstruction of vegetation in the Loess Plateau by studying the characteristics of plant diversity and its correlations with the environmental factors in different forestland. MethodTaking 3 kinds of artificial forests (Pinus tabuliformis forest, Robinia pseudoacacia forest, mixed forest of Pinus tabuliformis and Robinia pseudoacacia)) and 2 kinds of natural secondary forests (Populus davidiana, Quercus liaotungensis) in Caijiachuan Basin of Jixian County, Shanxi Province of northern China as research objects, we carried out vegetation investigation by standard sample land survey method. ResultThe results showed that there were 52 species of undergrowth plant, including 17 shrubs and 35 herbs, and the species composition and distribution of different forest types were quite different. The number of shrub species in natural secondary forest was more than artificial forest, but the number of herb species was less than artificial forest. There was no significant difference in the evenness index of shrubs among the five forest types. Species richness index and diversity index both showed natural secondary forest > artificial forest, while the species richness index, evenness index and diversity index of the herb layer all showed as artificial forest > natural secondary forest. Environmental factors had a significant impact on plant diversity, especially canopy density, soil water content and capillary porosity. ConclusionThe characteristics of plant diversity varied significantly in different forest types. Considering the composition and diversity of shrubs and herbs, the mixed afforestation of P. tabuliformis and R. pseudoacacia was better than pure afforestation, so the area of mixed forest should be expanded reasonably. In addition, canopy density was the main environmental factors affecting plant diversity. Therefore, the appropriate intervening forest could improve the diversity of undergrowth plants. -
图 1 不同林地植物多样性
R. Margalef指数；D. Simpson指数；J. Pielou指数；H. Shannon-Wiener指数。A.灌木层；B.草本层。不同小写字母表示不同林地间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure 1. Plant diversity of different forestland
R, Margalef index; D, Simpson index; J, Pielou index; H, Shannon-Wiener index. A, shrub layer; B, herb layer. Different lowercase letters indicate that there is significant difference among different vegetation restoration types (P < 0.05).
表 1 样地基本概况
Table 1. Basic information of the sample plots
森林类型
Forest type树种组成
Species composition土壤类型
Soil type坡向
Slope aspect坡度
Slope degree林龄/a
Forest age/year海拔
Altitude/m平均树高
Average tree height/m平均胸径
Average DBH/cm郁闭度
Canopy densityⅠ 油松
Pinus tabuliformis褐土
Cinnamon soil半阴坡
Semi-shady slope25 20 1 140 6.84 12.82 0.52 Ⅱ 刺槐
Robinia pseudoacacia褐土
Cinnamon soil半阴坡
Semi-shady slope20 24 1 150 10.79 14.88 0.54 Ⅲ 油松, 刺槐
P. tabuliformis, R. pseudoacacia褐土
Cinnamon soil半阴坡
Semi-shady slope18 20 1 130 7.28 10.08 0.61 Ⅳ 山杨, 辽东栎
Populus davidiana, Quercus liaotungensis褐土
Cinnamon soil半阴坡
Semi-shady slope30 ― 1 050 9.43 10.70 0.65 Ⅴ 辽东栎
Q. liaotungensis褐土
Cinnamon soil半阴坡
Semi-shady slope33 ― 1 300 7.35 14.39 0.72 注：Ⅰ.油松人工林；Ⅱ.刺槐人工林；Ⅲ.油松刺槐人工混交林；Ⅳ.山杨次生林；Ⅴ.辽东栎次生林。下同。Notes: Ⅰ, P. tabuliformis artificial forest; Ⅱ, R. pseudoacacia artificial forest; Ⅲ, artificial mixed forests of P. tabuliformis and R. pseudoacacia; Ⅳ, P. davidiana secondary forest; Ⅴ, Q. liaotungensis secondary forest. Same as below. 
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表 2 不同林地灌木层物种组成及重要值
Table 2. Species composition and important values of shrub layer in different forestland
种Species 属Genus 科Family 重要值Important value Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ 黄刺玫Rosa xanthina 蔷薇属Rosa 蔷薇科Rosaceae 50.28 24.27 33.33 5.78 2.49 暴马丁香Syringa reticulata var. amurensis 丁香属Syringa 木犀科Oleaceae 18.06 22.43 16.67 2.51 12.92 绣线菊Spiraea salicifolia 绣线菊属Spiraea 蔷薇科Rosaceae 11.48 14.81 10.57 6.95 金银木Lonicera maackii 忍冬属Lonicera 忍冬科Caprifoliaceae 9.26 6.66 2.49 杠柳Periploca sepium 杠柳属Periploca 萝藦科Asclepiadaceae 13.33 33.79 16.67 陕西荚蒾Viburnum schensianum 荚蒾属Viburnum 忍冬科Caprifoliaceae 12.58 18.36 胡枝子Lespedeza bicolor 胡枝子属Lespedeza 蝶形花科Leguminosae 3.43 5.56 2.01 虎榛子Ostryopsis davidiana 虎榛子属Ostryopsis 桦木科Betulaceae 3.43 15.23 12.48 山杏Armeniaca sibirica 杏属Armeniaca 蔷薇科Rosaceae 1.26 茶条槭Acer ginnala 槭属Acer 槭树科Aceraceae 3.46 7.64 2.89 4.99 黄栌Cotinus coggygria 黄栌属Cotinus 漆树科Anacardiaceae 8.44 3.70 2.50 9.98 连翘Forsythia suspensa 连翘属Forsythia 木犀科Oleaceae 18.76 12.39 胡颓子Elaeagnus pungens 胡颓子属Elaeagnus 胡颓子科Elaeagnaceae 6.54 西北栒子Cotoneaster zabelii 栒子属Cotoneaster 蔷薇科Rosaceae 7.04 9.45 沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides 沙棘属Hippophae 胡颓子科Elaeagnaceae 5.66 山茱萸Cornus officinalis 山茱萸属Cornus 山茱萸科Cornaceae 2.49 太平花Philadelphus pekinensis 山梅花属Philadelphus 虎耳草科Saxifragaceae 4.99
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表 3 不同林地草本层物种组成及重要值
Table 3. Species composition and important values of herbaceous layer in different forestland
种Species 属Genus 科Family 重要值Important value Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ 披针薹草Carex lancifolia 薹草属Carex 莎草科Cyperaceae 2.66 6.04 16.95 46.97 30.56 败酱Patrinia scabiosaefolia 败酱属Patrinia 败酱科Valerianaceae 21.37 12.88 23.53 9.61 铁杆蒿Artemisia sacrorum 蒿属Artemisia 菊科Compositae 27.40 16.14 15.78 狗牙根Cynodon dactylon 狗牙根属Cynodon 禾本科Gramineae 4.29 1.51 5.92 地梢瓜Cynanchum thesioides 鹅绒藤属Cynanchum 萝藦科Asclepiadaceae 4.48 4.2 委陵菜Potentilla chinensis 委陵菜属Potentilla 蔷薇科Rosaceae 8.77 1.51 紫花地丁Viola philippica 堇菜属Viola 堇菜科Violaceae 4.68 4.20 2.13 苦苣菜Sonchus oleraceus 苦苣菜属Sonchus 菊科Compositae 2.47 2.10 甘草Glycyrrhiza uralensis 甘草属Glycyrrhiza 豆科Leguminosae 5.14 茜草Rubia cordifolia 茜草属Rubia 茜草科Rubiaceae 5.52 2.70 3.82 牛筋草Eleusine indica 穇属Eleusine 禾本科Gramineae 11.22 婆婆针Bidens bipinnata 鬼针草属Bidens 菊科Compositae 2.01 艾蒿Artemisia argyi 蒿属Artemisia 菊科Compositae 11.45 4.20 葎叶蛇葡萄Ampelopsis humulifolia 蛇葡萄属Ampelopsis 葡萄科Vitaceae 4.63 蛇莓Duchesnea indica 蛇莓属Duchesnea 蔷薇科Rosaceae 6.60 4.20 乌头叶蛇葡萄Ampelopsis aconitifolia 蛇葡萄属Ampelopsis 葡萄科Vitaceae 1.35 2.10 6.79 铁线莲Clematis florida 铁线莲属Clematis 毛茛科Ranunculaceae 1.99 青杞Solanum septemlobum 茄属Solanum 茄科Solanaceae 5.57 地构叶Speranskia tuberculata 地构叶属Speranskia 大戟科Euphorbiaceae 1.51 5.49 萝藦Metaplexis japonica 萝藦属Metaplexis 萝藦科Asclepiadaceae 6.12 4.63 风毛菊Saussurea japonica 风毛菊属Saussurea 菊科Compositae 1.35 2.10 甘菊Dendranthema lavandulifolium 菊属Dendranthema 菊科Compositae 7.39 马唐Digitaria sanguinalis 马唐属Digitaria 禾本科Gramineae 13.28 3.34 狗尾草Setaria viridis 狗尾草属Setaria 禾本科Gramineae 2.62 多歧沙参Adenophora wawreana 沙参属Adenophora 桔梗科Campanulaceae 7.99 3.47 龙牙草Agrimonia pilosa 龙芽草属Agrimonia 蔷薇科Rosaceae 2.53 蛇葡萄Ampelopsis sinica 蛇葡萄属Ampelopsis 葡萄科Vitaceae 4.66 翅果菊Pterocypsela indica 翅果菊属Pterocypsela 菊科Compositae 2.13 山罗花Melampyrum roseum 山罗花属Melampyrum 玄参科Scrophulariaceae 9.61 20.83 穿山龙Dioscorea nipponica 薯蓣属Dioscorea 薯蓣科Dioscoreaceae 2.13 3.82 前胡Peucedanum praeruptorum 前胡属Peucedanum 伞形科Umbelliferae 2.13 盘叶忍冬Lonicera tragophylla 忍冬属Lonicera 忍冬科Caprifoliaceae 9.72 藜芦Veratrum nigrum 藜芦属Veratrum 百合科Liliaceae 4.86 糙苏Phlomis umbrosa 糙苏属Phlomis 唇形科Labiatae 10.07 沙参Adenophora stricta 沙参属Adenophora 桔梗科Campanulaceae 12.85
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表 4 不同林地植物群落的相似性系数
Table 4. Similarity coefficient of plant communities in different forestland
森林类型
Forest typeⅠ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅰ 1 Ⅱ 0.488 1 Ⅲ 0.615 0.636 1 Ⅳ 0.364 0.367 0.340 1 Ⅴ 0.308 0.273 0.286 0.596 1
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表 5 植物多样性与环境因子之间的相关性
Table 5. Correlations between plant diversity and environmental factors
环境因子Environmental factors R1 D1 J1 H1 R2 D2 J2 H2 海拔Elevation -0.204 -0.170 0.166 -0.224 -0.177 0.177 0.202 0.027 坡度Slope degree 0.433 0.429 0.232 0.458 -0.597* -0.511 -0.357 -0.545* 郁闭度Canopy density 0.361 0.420 0.540* 0.318 -0.657** -0.538* -0.428 -0.692** 土壤容重Soil bulk density 0.289 0.354 0.289 0.257 -0.643** -0.300 0.229 -0.429 土壤含水量Soil moisture content 0.500 0.550* 0.232 0.514* -0.139 -0.036 0.196 -0.046 总孔隙度Total porosity -0.389 -0.332 0.075 -0.364 0.407 0.168 0.014 0.246 毛管孔隙度Capillary porosity -0.629* -0.561* 0.000 -0.596* 0.436 0.371 0.229 0.407 非毛管孔隙度Non-capillary porosity 0.421 0.396 0.164 0.404 -0.382 -0.575* -0.450 -0.489 注：R1为灌木层Margalef指数；D1为灌木层Simpson指数；J1为灌木层Pielou指数；H1为灌木层Shannon-Wiener指数；R2为草本层Margalef指数；D2为草本层Simpson指数；J2为草本层Pielou指数；H2为草本层Shannon-Wiener指数。*表示在P＜0.05水平显著；**表示在P＜0.01水平显著。Notes: R1, Margalef index of shrub layer; D1, Simpson index of shrub layer; J1, Pielou index of shrub layer; H1, Shannon-Wiener index of shrub layer; R2, Margalef index of herb layer; D2, Simpson index of herb layer; J2, Pielou index of herb layer; H2, Shannon-Wiener index of herb layer. * means correlation is significant at P < 0.05 level; ** means correlation is significant at P < 0.01 level.
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