Model construction and application of effective freeze-thaw injury in poplar
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摘要:目的 2000年以来,辽宁省杨树遭受5次严重的越冬伤害,造成巨大的经济和生态损失,构建有效冻融伤害模型,能够为杨树越冬伤害防控提供依据。方法 本文在阐明杨树越冬伤害机理并提出有效冻融伤害累积效应假说基础上,选择发生有效冻融的天数、发生有效冻融的日最低气温、树木健康指数和无霜期作为参数,构建杨树有效冻融伤害模型,并进行检验。结果 黑杨派速生杨树对无霜期的最低要求天数是170 d。在抗寒锻炼期和脱锻炼期内,当日最低气温 ≤ −3 ℃、日最高气温 > 0 ℃,且日较差 ≥ 12 ℃时,黑杨派速生杨树会发生有效冻融伤害。有效冻融伤害风险指数(RIO)越大,越冬伤害的风险越大。应用构建的模型绘制辽宁省黑杨派速生杨树越冬伤害风险评估图。模型检验结果表明,该模型对黑杨派速生杨树越冬伤害评估的准确率达到75%。结论 杨树有效冻融伤害模型有较大实用价值,为辽宁省等省区的杨树越冬防、减寒灾打下基础,为中国北方地区杨树造林和营林提供参考。Abstract:Objective Since 2000, poplar in Liaoning Province of northeastern China has suffered five serious overwintering injuries, resulting in huge economic and ecological losses. The construction of an effective freeze-thaw injury(EFTI)model can provide a basis for the prevention and control of poplar overwintering injuries.Method On the basis of clarifying the mechanism of poplar overwintering injury and putting forward the hypothesis of cumulative effect of EFTI, this paper selects the days of effective freeze-thaw, the daily minimum temperature of effective freeze-thaw, tree health index and frost free period as parameters, constructs and tests the EFTI model of poplar.Result The minimum required days of frost free period for fast-growing poplar of Sect. Aigeiros were 170 d. During the cold resistance exercise period and off exercise period, when the daily minimum temperature was ≤− 3 ℃, the daily maximum temperature was > 0 ℃ and the daily range was ≥ 12 ℃, the fast-growing poplar of Sect. Aigeiros will have effective freeze-thaw injury. The greater the effective freeze-thaw injury risk index (Rio) was, the greater the risk of overwintering injury was. The model was applied to draw the overwintering injury risk assessment map of fast-growing poplar of Sect. Aigeiros in Liaoning Province. The model test results showed that the accuracy of the model for overwintering injury assessment of fast-growing poplar of Sect. Aigeiros was 75%.Conclusion The model has great practical value. The development of EFTI model of poplar lays a foundation for preventing and reducing overwintering injury of poplar in Liaoning Province and other provinces. It provides reference for poplar afforestation and forest management in northern China.
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Keywords:
- poplar /
- model /
- effective freeze-thaw /
- risk assessment /
- overwintering injury
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表 1 杨树单株越冬伤害症状分级标准
Table 1 Symptom classification criteria of overwintering injury in individual poplar
越冬伤害级别
Class of overwintering injury症状
Symptom代表值
Representative valueⅠ 无伤害 No harm 0 Ⅱ ≤ 1/10枝条干梢或 ≤ 1/10树干周长的韧皮部变黑
Dieback no more than 1/10 seedling height or black phloem no more than 1/10 stem perimeter1 Ⅲ 1/10 < 枝条干梢 ≤ 1/5或1/10 < 树干周长的韧皮部变黑 ≤ 1/5
Dieback more than 1/10 but no more than 1/5 seedling height or black phloem more than 1/10 but no more than 1/5 stem perimeter2 Ⅳ
Ⅴ1/5 < 枝条干梢 ≤ 1/2或1/5 < 树干周长的韧皮部变黑≤1/2
Dieback more than 1/5 but no more than 1/2 seedling height or black phloem more than 1/5 but no more than 1/2 stem perimeter
> 1/2枝条干梢或 > 1/2树干周长的韧皮部变黑
Dieback greater than 1/2 seedling height or black phloem greater than 1/2 stem perimeter3
4表 2 2005—2017年杨树越冬伤害调查结果
Table 2 Survey results of overwintering injury in poplar from 2005 to 2017
年份
Year大树越冬伤害指数
Index of overwintering injury(IO)of big tree1年生苗越冬伤害指数
IO of one-year-old seedling灾害范围
Disaster range代表颜色
Representative color2005—2006 0.62 0.25 辽宁省
Liaoning Province红色 Red 2006—2007 0 0 无 None 绿色 Green 2007—2008 0 0 无 None 绿色 Green 2008—2009 0.59 0.45 辽宁省
Liaoning Province红色 Red 2009—2010 0 0 无 None 绿色 Green 2010—2011 0 0.39 凌海市
Linghai City橙色 Orange 2011—2012 0 0 无 None 绿色 Green 2012—2013 0.55 0.35 辽宁省
Liaoning Province红色 Red 2013—2014 0 0 无 None 绿色 Green 2014—2015 0 0 无 None 绿色 Green 2015—2016 0 0 无 None 绿色 Green 2016—2017 0 0.28 凌海、黑山
Linghai, Heishan黄色 Yellow 表 3 辽宁省各市(县)平均无霜期
Table 3 Average frost-free season of cities in Liaoning Province
市(县)
City(county)无霜期
Frost-free season/d市(县)
City (county)无霜期
Frost-free season/d市(县)
City (county)无霜期
Frost-free season/d建平 Jianping 141 葫芦岛 Huludao 190 盘山 Panshan 173 抚顺 Fushun 150 北票 Beipiao 153 大洼 Dawa 182 喀左 Kazuo 160 义县 Yixian 163 营口 Yingkou 188 建昌 Jianchang 166 凌海 Linghai 182 大石桥 Dashiqiao 170 凌源 Lingyuan 152 阜新 Fuxin 159 盖州 Gaizhou 189 绥中 Suizhong 178 北镇 Beizhen 169 瓦房店 Wafangdian 178 朝阳 Chaoyang 170 黑山 Heishan 173 金州 Jinzhou 192 兴城 Xingcheng 170 台安 Taian 175 大连 Dalian 219 新民 Xinmin 160 海城 Haicheng 158 庄河 Zhuanghe 179 彰武 Zhangwu 159 鞍山 Anshan 182 丹东 Dandong 166 法库 Faku 153 辽阳 Liaoyang 166 岫岩 Xiuyan 151 康平 Kangping 160 沈阳 Shenyang 162 凤城 Fengcheng 156 昌图 Changtu 150 辽中 Liaozhong 167 西丰 Xifeng 130 开原 Kaiyuan 148 铁岭 Tieling 160 清原 Qingyuan 132 桓仁 Huanren 148 宽甸 Kuandian 135 本溪 Benxi 151 表 4 对黑山和凌海的黑杨派速生杨树越冬伤害的评估及模型检验
Table 4 Model test and overwintering injury prediction to fast-growing poplar of Sect. Aigeiros and Linghai of northeastern China
地点和时间
Site and timeEFTI天数
EFTI
day numberEFTI的日最低
气温之和
Sum of daily
minimum
temperature of
EFTI day/℃D d 健康指数
Health
index风险指数
Risk
index
(RIO)评估级别和颜色
Evaluation
level and
color春季调查结果
Survey
result
in spring黑山新兴镇2016.11
Xinxing Town of Heishan,
Nov., 201613 −108.9 170 173 1 1415.7 Ⅲ
(黄色 Yellow)Ⅲ
(黄色 Yellow)黑山新兴镇2017.03
Xinxing Town of Heishan,
Mar., 201716 −90.4 170 173 1 1446.4 Ⅲ
(黄色 Yellow)凌海监测站2012.11
Monitoring station of
Linghai, Nov., 20127 −29.9 170 182 3 627.9 Ⅱ
(蓝色 Blue)Ⅴ
(红色 Red)凌海监测站2013.03
Monitoring station of
Linghai, Mar., 201312 −64.4 170 182 3 2318.4 Ⅳ
(橙色 Orange)注:EFTI天数代表一年中日最低温 ≤ −3 ℃,日最高温 > 0 ℃且日较差 ≥ 12 ℃的天数; D为研究目标杨树对无霜期的最低要求天数,d为研究目标地点当年的无霜期(天数)。下同。Notes: ‘EFTI day number’ represents daily minimum temperature ≤ −3 ℃,daily maximum temperature > 0 ℃ and daily temperature range ≥ 12 ℃,D represents required minimum days of frost-free season for research poplar, d represents days of frost-free season of the same year in research region(d). The same below. 表 5 对3个典型地区栽培黑杨派速生杨树风险评估结果的检验
Table 5 Check results to risk evaluation map as fast-growing poplar of Sect. Aigeirosanted in three typical regions
地点和时间
Site and timeEFTI天数
EFTI day
numberEFTI的日最低
气温的和
Sum of daily minimum
temperature of
EFTI day/℃无霜期
(d或ER)
Frost-free season
(d or ER)/d健康指数
Health index风险指数
RIO评估结果
和颜色
Evaluation result and color春季调查结果
Survey result in spring黑山县气象台2016.11
Observatory of Heishan,
Nov., 20169 −66.0 173 1 594.0 Ⅱ
(蓝色 Blue)
Ⅲ
(黄色 Yellow)黑山县气象台2017.03
Observatory of Heishan,
Mar., 201715 −79.0 173 1 1185.0 Ⅲ
(黄色 Yellow)彰武气象台2014.10—2014.11
Observatory of Zhangwu,
from Oct. to Nov., 201421 −145.0 3.3 1 10048.5 Ⅴ
(红色 Red)Ⅴ
(红色 Red)彰武气象台2015.03—2015.04
Observatory of Zhangwu,
from Mar. to Apr., 201512 −75.0 3.3 1 2970.0 Ⅴ
(红色 Red)抚顺气象台2011.10—2011.11
Observatory of Fushun,
from Oct. to Nov., 201115 −87.0 4.5 1 5872.5 Ⅴ
(红色 Red)Ⅴ
(红色 Red)抚顺气象台2012.03—2012.04
Observatory of Fushun,
from Mar. to Apr., 20129 −111.0 4.5 1 4495.5 Ⅴ
(红色 Red)注:黑山县无霜期数据指d,彰武和抚顺的无霜期数据指ER,即√D−d。Notes: frost-free season data of Heishan County is indicated as d, frost-free season data of Zhangwu County and Fushun City is indicated as ER,that is √D−d. -
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