Forest ecosystem service multi-functionality: definitions, indicators and simulation models for forest management

Forest ecosystem multifunctionality (FEMF) is defined as the ability of forests to simultaneously provide multiple ecosystem functions and services. FEMF could be classified as ecosystem function multifunctionality and ecosystem service multifunctionality. In recent years, a large number of studies have been carried out in the field of ecology on the relationship between biodiversity and multifunctionality, as well as on the driving factors of multifunctionality, and have continued to be a hot topic. However, these research results are still insufficient in terms of application, especially in guiding forest management practices. Maximization of multiple functions and services has been the goal of forest management, but the involvement of FEMF in forest management is still limited, and it is urgently needed to strengthen the integration. This paper summarizes the definitions, indicators and optimization models for the FEMF linked with forest management. We concluded that the future direction will focus on the prediction of the change of forest services and FEMF, and the realization of FEMF maximization at forest management unit level. Emphasis should be given to forest management modelling and simulations to seek the most effective management strategies to mitigate trade-offs and enhance synergies of ecosystem services, and answer theoretical and practical questions on how forest management and climate change affect the balance and coordination between ecosystem services, as well as their spatiotemporal changes.