北京山区主要针叶林可燃物空间连续性研究——可燃物水平连续性与树冠火蔓延
Spatial continuity of fuels in major coniferous forests in Beijing mountainous area: fuel horizontal continuity and crown fire spread
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摘要: 以北京市山区主要针叶林（侧柏林和油松林）为研究对象，通过对林分树冠可燃物的负荷量、结构、理化性质及火行为特征进行分析，建立了树冠可燃物水平连续性指数D和评估等级，并对侧柏林和油松林的可燃物水平连续性进行评估与分析。研究结果显示：可燃物负荷量对火蔓延速度的影响显著，随可燃物负荷量增大，火蔓延速度增加，增加幅度受到可燃物紧密度的影响；风速对火蔓延速度的影响十分明显，对可燃物水平连续性的影响程度大于坡度；相同风速下，油松林树冠火的蔓延速度大于侧柏林；侧柏林D的平均值为1.470（高度连续），油松林D的平均值为0.933（中度连续），侧柏林树冠火蔓延的危险性大于油松林，一旦发生火灾，侧柏林比油松林更容易形成大面积高强度树冠火；D的主要影响因素是针叶树种树冠负荷量及其空间分布，以及风速和坡度及其协同作用。Abstract: To study the effects of fuel loads and its horizontal distribution on potential fire behavior characteristics, fuel horizontal continuity index (D) and ratings were founded through analyses of crown fuel loads, composition, and physicochemical properties of the crown layers in major coniferous forests (Platycladus orientalis , Pinus tabuliformis) in the mountainous area of Beijing. Based on D and ratings, the hazard of crown fire spread was evaluated and analyzed for the two coniferous forests. The results showed that fuel loads had significant effects on the rate of fire spread; the rate of spread increased with the increase of fuel loads, and the amplitude of increase had much relationship with fuel compactness; the influence of wind speed on rate of spread was very significant, which had a greater effect than slope on fuel horizontal continuity; in the same wind conditions, crown fire spread in P. tabuliformis forest (PTF) was faster than P. orientalis forest (POF); an average of D was 1.470 (highly continuous) in POF, while it was 0.933(moderately continuous) in PTF. Therefore, spread of crown fire in POF is more dangerous than PTF，indicating that POF can more easily cause the high strength crown fire in large area than PTF when forest fire occurs; D is mainly affected by coniferous crown fuel loads and its spatial distribution, wind speed and slope and their synergistic action.
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Keywords:
- fuel horizontal continuity /
- flame length /
- fuel load /
- crown fire spread
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