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1
Abstract：
In order to investigate the biological function of Chimonanthus praecox SAMT gene, CpSAMT was introduced into tobacco through Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. Among 16 independent transgenic lines obtained, 15 lines were positive, which was revealed by PCR and further confirmed by RT-PCR. Further analysis showed that transgenic plants were indistinguishable from untransformed controls in terms of plant size, leaf morphology, flower color, petal size and flowering time. In addition, HS-SPME-GC-MS was employed to analyse the components of flower flavor. We found that the content of benzyl alcohol, hexenol, linalool, caryophyllene and benzaldehyde in transgenic CpSAMT plants increased, while that of methyl salicylate and methyl benzoate was undetectable compared with non-transgenic controls.
In order to investigate the biological function of Chimonanthus praecox SAMT gene, CpSAMT was introduced into tobacco through Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. Among 16 independent transgenic lines obtained, 15 lines were positive, which was revealed by PCR and further confirmed by RT-PCR. Further analysis showed that transgenic plants were indistinguishable from untransformed controls in terms of plant size, leaf morphology, flower color, petal size and flowering time. In addition, HS-SPME-GC-MS was employed to analyse the components of flower flavor. We found that the content of benzyl alcohol, hexenol, linalool, caryophyllene and benzaldehyde in transgenic CpSAMT plants increased, while that of methyl salicylate and methyl benzoate was undetectable compared with non-transgenic controls.
2
2014, 36(4): 8-15.
DOI: 10.13332/j.cnki.jbfu.2014.04.006
Abstract：
Tree height is an important parameter in the field of forest resource management, so it is significant in forest resource monitoring and carbon cycling research to obtain accurate, large-scale and spatially continuous tree height. The paper uses the waveform data from space-borne Lidar ICESat/GLAS, and chooses proper algorithms with topographic correction to extract forest tree height average values from GLAS foot-print data. Then, we apply the random forest machine learning algorithm to process tree height values from GLAS foot-print data and MISR/BRF data from multi-angle optical remote sense, and get the tree height map of Tahe Forest Farm, namely, which makes the scale of extracted tree height values extend from point to plane. Finally, the field measured data was utilized to test the results, which showed that R2, RMSE and precision were 0.72, 1.83 m and 85.22%, respectively. This approach integrates Lidar data with multi-angle imagines of optical remote sense,which makes up of the shortcomings of each. In addition, the results also provide accurate reference guidelines for the prediction of forest biomass and carbon storage.
Tree height is an important parameter in the field of forest resource management, so it is significant in forest resource monitoring and carbon cycling research to obtain accurate, large-scale and spatially continuous tree height. The paper uses the waveform data from space-borne Lidar ICESat/GLAS, and chooses proper algorithms with topographic correction to extract forest tree height average values from GLAS foot-print data. Then, we apply the random forest machine learning algorithm to process tree height values from GLAS foot-print data and MISR/BRF data from multi-angle optical remote sense, and get the tree height map of Tahe Forest Farm, namely, which makes the scale of extracted tree height values extend from point to plane. Finally, the field measured data was utilized to test the results, which showed that R2, RMSE and precision were 0.72, 1.83 m and 85.22%, respectively. This approach integrates Lidar data with multi-angle imagines of optical remote sense,which makes up of the shortcomings of each. In addition, the results also provide accurate reference guidelines for the prediction of forest biomass and carbon storage.
3
Abstract：
To analyze the spatial structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata non-commercial forest, the plantation predominanted by the 24-year-old C. lanceolata located in Fushou Forest Farm of Yueyang City, Hunan Province of central China was taken as the study object, and four structural parameters, i. e. mingling degree, neighborhood comparison, aggregation index and storey index, were calculated based on the Voronoi diagram that can determine the reference tree爷s neighborhood groups of trees. The results showed that: 1) there were nine kinds of different sizes of spatial structure unit in this community, and the most common phenomenon was that the reference tree had five close neighboring trees; 2) the average mingling degree of stand was 0.23, indicating the simple spatial allocation and poor mixing of different tree species; 3) the distribution of neighborhood comparison based on DBH changed with a fluctuant pattern, and the stability of species in the arborous layer was good;4) the average aggregation index of stand was 1.01. The individuals of tree presented the succession trend from aggregated distribution to random distribution; 5) the average storey index of stand was 0.23, and the spatial configuration was relatively simple in the vertical space.
To analyze the spatial structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata non-commercial forest, the plantation predominanted by the 24-year-old C. lanceolata located in Fushou Forest Farm of Yueyang City, Hunan Province of central China was taken as the study object, and four structural parameters, i. e. mingling degree, neighborhood comparison, aggregation index and storey index, were calculated based on the Voronoi diagram that can determine the reference tree爷s neighborhood groups of trees. The results showed that: 1) there were nine kinds of different sizes of spatial structure unit in this community, and the most common phenomenon was that the reference tree had five close neighboring trees; 2) the average mingling degree of stand was 0.23, indicating the simple spatial allocation and poor mixing of different tree species; 3) the distribution of neighborhood comparison based on DBH changed with a fluctuant pattern, and the stability of species in the arborous layer was good;4) the average aggregation index of stand was 1.01. The individuals of tree presented the succession trend from aggregated distribution to random distribution; 5) the average storey index of stand was 0.23, and the spatial configuration was relatively simple in the vertical space.
4
Abstract：
Objective Carbon reserves and value of forest resources in China should be calculated to understand the status of forest resources and formulate a reasonable forestry development plan. Through the prediction of forest carbon stocks and carbon sequestration potential, it can improve the level of forest management and provide reference value for China to achieve the goal of carbon emission peak and carbon neutralization. Method Based on the data of 9 forest inventories from 1973 to 2018 in China, the total carbon stocks of forest resources in China were calculated using forest volume method, and the carbon stocks and values of forest resources were calculated according to different forest types. This paper uses GM (1,1) grey model and power function model to predict the development potential of forest carbon sequestration in China, and analyzes the changing rate of carbon sequestration under different management levels by constructing the regression model of forest growth per unit area and carbon storage. Result (1) Over the past 40 years, China’s average unit area volume of forest resources is 73.56 m3/ha, forest carbon stocks increased from 5.196 billion t in 1976 to 8.790 billion t in 2018, with an average annual increase of 0.085 57 billion t/year. The total carbon stocks of forest resources (including forest, woodland and understory vegetation) increased from 12.506 billion t to 21.439 billion t; among them, carbon stocks of plantation increased significantly, with an average annual increase of 5.05%. (2) The values of forest carbon stocks in China increased from 148.209 billion CNY in 1976 to 882.385 billion CNY in 2018, with an average annual increase of 17.480 billion CNY and a compound annual growth rate of 4.34%. Among them, the values of plantation carbon stocks increased by 8.24%. (3) The GM (1,1) grey model predicted that the forest carbon stocks will reach 10.013 billion t in 2030, the average annual increase of carbon sequestration will be 159 million t/year from 2018 to 2030, and the forest volume will reach 21.080 billion m3 in 2030; the forest carbon stocks in China will reach 18.032 billion t in 2060, and the average annual increase of carbon sequestration will be 236 million t/year from 2018 to 2060. The power function model predicted that China’s forest carbon stocks will reach 10.8 billion t in 2030, the average annual carbon sequestration will be 225 million t/year from 2018 to 2030, and the forest volume was expected to reach 22.738 billion m3 in 2030; China’s forest carbon stocks will reach 21.227 billion t in 2060, and the annual increase of carbon sequestration will be 312 million t/year from 2018 to 2060. (4) Based on the average benchmark of forest carbon stocks in recent 15 years, if the forest management level increase by 5%, the forest carbon stocks will increase by 4.30% − 6.86%; if increase by 10%, the forest carbon stocks will increase by 9.89% − 12.47%; if increase by 15%, the forest carbon stocks will increase by 15.48% − 18.09%; and if the forest management level increase by 20%, the forest carbon stocks will increase by 20.96% − 21.07%. Conclusion Without considering the influence of external factors such as economy and policy, based on the changes of forest biomass and volume, forest carbon stocks and values in China are increased. According to this development trend, China can achieve the expected development goal of carbon emission peak and carbon neutralization for forestry in 2030 and 2060. If the current forest management level is further improved, the changing rate of forest carbon stocks will gradually increase, and the carbon sequestration potential will be huge.
5
2022, 44(10): 11-22.
DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20220183
Abstract：
Soil organic carbon (SOC) represents 25% of the potential of natural climate solutions, improvement of SOC storage is a critical pathway to realize “carbon neutralization”. Reasonable SOC management and accurate model prediction require deep understanding of soil carbon cycling processes. However, the persistence mechanism of SOC, pathways controlling SOC formation, and their environmental regulations are not clear. Here, we first synthesized the frontier theories and mechanisms of SOC stabilization (biochemical recalcitrance, mineral protection, and aggregation protection) and formation (humification, microbial efficiency-matrix stabilization framework, and microbial carbon pump theory); we then reviewed the development of soil carbon cycling models (Century model, microbial model, and microbial-mineral model); we finally proposed the urgent scientific question for future experimental and modelling studies.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) represents 25% of the potential of natural climate solutions, improvement of SOC storage is a critical pathway to realize “carbon neutralization”. Reasonable SOC management and accurate model prediction require deep understanding of soil carbon cycling processes. However, the persistence mechanism of SOC, pathways controlling SOC formation, and their environmental regulations are not clear. Here, we first synthesized the frontier theories and mechanisms of SOC stabilization (biochemical recalcitrance, mineral protection, and aggregation protection) and formation (humification, microbial efficiency-matrix stabilization framework, and microbial carbon pump theory); we then reviewed the development of soil carbon cycling models (Century model, microbial model, and microbial-mineral model); we finally proposed the urgent scientific question for future experimental and modelling studies.
6
Abstract：
To further understand the mechanism of land surface temperature heterogeneity, the ENVI-met model was introduced to conduct research on vegetation temperature field simulation. Based on the measurements of meteorological data, soil moisture, vegetation structure, leaf area index and component temperature, sensitivity analysis and validation of ENVI-met were conducted in an experimental area including discrete distributed aspen, cedar and pine plantations. Results of sensitivity analysis showed that humidity was the most sensitive parameter for soil temperature simulations, and solar radiation scale factor for leaf temperatures. Validation results indicate that ENVI-met can fairly simulate the three- dimensional temperature distribution of vegetated scenes (the maximum R2 was about 0.9, the least RMSE was about 0.6 K).
To further understand the mechanism of land surface temperature heterogeneity, the ENVI-met model was introduced to conduct research on vegetation temperature field simulation. Based on the measurements of meteorological data, soil moisture, vegetation structure, leaf area index and component temperature, sensitivity analysis and validation of ENVI-met were conducted in an experimental area including discrete distributed aspen, cedar and pine plantations. Results of sensitivity analysis showed that humidity was the most sensitive parameter for soil temperature simulations, and solar radiation scale factor for leaf temperatures. Validation results indicate that ENVI-met can fairly simulate the three- dimensional temperature distribution of vegetated scenes (the maximum R2 was about 0.9, the least RMSE was about 0.6 K).
7
2021, 43(5): 1-14.
DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20200237
Abstract：
Objective It is very important and necessary to establish the national single tree volume biomass model. The research on forest carbon storage change and carbon sequestration capacity has great significance to the forest management policies of estimating regional carbon balance and addressing climate change. Method With forest resource sampling population and the difference of climate zones, using the survey data from 22 main forest type biomass building models in national forest inventory, establishing regional individual tree regression models of biomass and stock volume, using 11 periods of forest inventory and statistics data from 1949 to 2018, the paper calculates forest carbon storage and carbon sequestration capacity in 70 forest regions to explore forest carbon storage change regulations, causes and contribution to carbon sequestration in 70 years. Result From 1949 to 2018, forest carbon storage of forest stand and sparse forest increased from 4.509 × 1012 to 8.601 × 1012 kg, increased by 90.74%. Average annual increase was 3.09% during 2014 to 2019; carbon storage of forest storage increased from 4.38 × 1012 to 7.97 × 1012 kg, increased by 81.97%; the lowest carbon intensity of forest stand from 1973 to 1976 was 31.64 t/ha, and increased to 44.30 t/ha from 2014 to 2018, but it cannot reach 46.48 t/ha in 1949. Forest carbon storage in different regions increased differently. Forest carbon storage in north China and southeast coast regions increased by 145.91% and 116.63%, respectively. National and regional forest carbon storage and carbon intensity showed the trends of firstly decreased and secondly increased. The national forest showed the same trends. Before 1981, annual average of carbon accumulation was negative and it was carbon source. After 1981, carbon accumulation was positive. Annual average of biomass carbon sequestration was 0.122 × 1012 kg/year, and carbon accumulation increased gradually. Carbon storage of forest stand accounted for the main parts of forest resource, and its carbon storage was more than 80% of total forest carbon storage. As plantation forest area increased in large proportion and its carbon accumulation increased quickly, annual average biomass carbon sequestration had been 0.04 × 1012 kg/year since 1970s; before 1989, natural forest carbon accumulation was negative, but its carbon sequestration capacity had been increased continually since national forest protection program. It was the main contributor to annual forest carbon accumulation. Conclusion With national forest protection, ecosystem restoration and protection, and the dominated middle and young age forest stand had entered into quick growing period. The potential of forest carbon sequestration in China will be great.
8
Abstract：
Plant leaf morphological traits adapt to the environment through long-term evolution and are closely related to the basic function of plants. In this study,we examined the responses of leaf morphological traits of broadleaved woody plants to the climatic gradient of Changbai Mountain in northeastern China. We measured plant leaf morphological traits from 13 altitudes in Changbai Mountain, including leaf length, leaf width, leaf perimeter, leaf area, the ratio of leaf length to width (LW) and the ratio of leaf perimeter to area (PA). Correlation analysis and standardized major axis were used to investigate the relationships between plant leaf morphological traits and climate factors, as well as correlations among leaf morphological traits, and general linear model and variation partition were used to partition leaf trait variation and to analyse the leaf traits in relation to environmental factors and species identities. Leaf length, width, perimeter and leaf area decreased significantly with increased altitudinal gradient and decreased annual temperature, while the perimeter/area and length/width ratios increased, which helps increase the leaf boundary layer resistance and decrease heat dissipation from leaves. Variations in leaf morphological traits in this study are largely explained by species identity, with its independent explanatory power between 47.08% and 76.07%. Environmental factors also have a significant impact on leaf morphological traits, but by itself explained only 1.22 % -3.82% of variation.
Plant leaf morphological traits adapt to the environment through long-term evolution and are closely related to the basic function of plants. In this study,we examined the responses of leaf morphological traits of broadleaved woody plants to the climatic gradient of Changbai Mountain in northeastern China. We measured plant leaf morphological traits from 13 altitudes in Changbai Mountain, including leaf length, leaf width, leaf perimeter, leaf area, the ratio of leaf length to width (LW) and the ratio of leaf perimeter to area (PA). Correlation analysis and standardized major axis were used to investigate the relationships between plant leaf morphological traits and climate factors, as well as correlations among leaf morphological traits, and general linear model and variation partition were used to partition leaf trait variation and to analyse the leaf traits in relation to environmental factors and species identities. Leaf length, width, perimeter and leaf area decreased significantly with increased altitudinal gradient and decreased annual temperature, while the perimeter/area and length/width ratios increased, which helps increase the leaf boundary layer resistance and decrease heat dissipation from leaves. Variations in leaf morphological traits in this study are largely explained by species identity, with its independent explanatory power between 47.08% and 76.07%. Environmental factors also have a significant impact on leaf morphological traits, but by itself explained only 1.22 % -3.82% of variation.
9
2022, 44(10): 1-10.
DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20220242
Abstract：
“Forest is a carbon sink” vividly explains the strategic position of forests in China’s national ecological security as well as sustainable development of human economy and society. As the primary contributor of carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems, forest carbon fixation is an important path to realize China’s “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” vision. With years of ecological civilization construction in China, both the storage and the function of forest carbon sink were steady improved, contributing to global forest carbon sink remarkably. However, in relation to the vast territory, complex habitat types, and the momentum of old-school forest management and silviculture, pressing needs emerge for alternative solutions as to sinking forest carbon in a way more effective for the purpose of achieving “carbon peaking” by 2030 and “carbon neutrality” by 2060, particularly in the exacerbation of climate change. Oriented to the five forest carbon pools and their biotic and abiotic driving factors, this paper systematically explores modern carbon sink assessment methods such as forest field surveys and model simulations, and then focuses on prospective means to improve forest carbon sinks. We envisage that trending researches should firstly focus on building a multi-scale, all-round ecosystem monitoring network and system; secondly, establish a comprehensive analysis framework that incorporates monitoring and assessment for reducing the uncertainty of carbon inventory; last but not the least, establish a sustainable financial market for forestry carbon, and facilitate with policy support, forming multi-disciplinary talent teams with strengthened international cooperation to improve the quality and efficiency for the financial system of forestry carbon.
“Forest is a carbon sink” vividly explains the strategic position of forests in China’s national ecological security as well as sustainable development of human economy and society. As the primary contributor of carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems, forest carbon fixation is an important path to realize China’s “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” vision. With years of ecological civilization construction in China, both the storage and the function of forest carbon sink were steady improved, contributing to global forest carbon sink remarkably. However, in relation to the vast territory, complex habitat types, and the momentum of old-school forest management and silviculture, pressing needs emerge for alternative solutions as to sinking forest carbon in a way more effective for the purpose of achieving “carbon peaking” by 2030 and “carbon neutrality” by 2060, particularly in the exacerbation of climate change. Oriented to the five forest carbon pools and their biotic and abiotic driving factors, this paper systematically explores modern carbon sink assessment methods such as forest field surveys and model simulations, and then focuses on prospective means to improve forest carbon sinks. We envisage that trending researches should firstly focus on building a multi-scale, all-round ecosystem monitoring network and system; secondly, establish a comprehensive analysis framework that incorporates monitoring and assessment for reducing the uncertainty of carbon inventory; last but not the least, establish a sustainable financial market for forestry carbon, and facilitate with policy support, forming multi-disciplinary talent teams with strengthened international cooperation to improve the quality and efficiency for the financial system of forestry carbon.
10
2021, 43(9): 1-13.
DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20210107
Abstract：
In recent years, with the aggravation of climate change and human activities, the global forest area continues to reduce, forest quality keeps declining, and the ecological and environmental events occur frequently. Thus, forest health issues have received unprecedented attention, and have become an important part of the ecological civilization strategy. China’s forest resources continue to grow, but it also faces some problems, such as single afforestation structure, low stand quality and weak ecological stability. How to evaluate forest health systematically and accurately is still a difficult problem. Compared with the traditional ground survey methods, remote sensing technology has the advantages of macroscopic, timeliness and economic efficiency. With the rapid development of high-resolution remote sensing and artificial intelligence technology, it is possible to overcome the problem of forest health assessment. In order to systematically evaluate the potential of new remote sensing technology, this paper points out the existing paths and methods on the basis of literature analysis, including: (1) through bibliometric analysis, four core contents of forest health assessment (vitality, organizational structure, resistance and resilience) and four key issues (tree species classification, forest vitality, forest pests, drought threat) were identified. (2) Systematically interpreting the advantages and disadvantages of existing remote sensing technologies from three angles, namely, different scales (single tree stand ecosystem landscape), different platforms (near ground remote sensing, aerial remote sensing satellite remote sensing) and different sensors (including RGB cameras, multi/hyperspectral cameras, lidar, thermal infrared cameras, microwave radars and chlorophyll fluorescence scanners). (3) Focusing on four key issues, this paper expounds the application path and method of remote sensing technology to evaluate forest health in recent years. Furthermore, this paper points out the challenges and opportunities, including multi-source fusion analysis, forest health monitoring network and near ground remote sensing, forest health big data application, in order to provide reference for the intelligent management of forest resources in China.
In recent years, with the aggravation of climate change and human activities, the global forest area continues to reduce, forest quality keeps declining, and the ecological and environmental events occur frequently. Thus, forest health issues have received unprecedented attention, and have become an important part of the ecological civilization strategy. China’s forest resources continue to grow, but it also faces some problems, such as single afforestation structure, low stand quality and weak ecological stability. How to evaluate forest health systematically and accurately is still a difficult problem. Compared with the traditional ground survey methods, remote sensing technology has the advantages of macroscopic, timeliness and economic efficiency. With the rapid development of high-resolution remote sensing and artificial intelligence technology, it is possible to overcome the problem of forest health assessment. In order to systematically evaluate the potential of new remote sensing technology, this paper points out the existing paths and methods on the basis of literature analysis, including: (1) through bibliometric analysis, four core contents of forest health assessment (vitality, organizational structure, resistance and resilience) and four key issues (tree species classification, forest vitality, forest pests, drought threat) were identified. (2) Systematically interpreting the advantages and disadvantages of existing remote sensing technologies from three angles, namely, different scales (single tree stand ecosystem landscape), different platforms (near ground remote sensing, aerial remote sensing satellite remote sensing) and different sensors (including RGB cameras, multi/hyperspectral cameras, lidar, thermal infrared cameras, microwave radars and chlorophyll fluorescence scanners). (3) Focusing on four key issues, this paper expounds the application path and method of remote sensing technology to evaluate forest health in recent years. Furthermore, this paper points out the challenges and opportunities, including multi-source fusion analysis, forest health monitoring network and near ground remote sensing, forest health big data application, in order to provide reference for the intelligent management of forest resources in China.
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